The object, as noted by the archaeologists who discovered it, is an array of tombs of the representatives of the Xiongnu — nomadic people, came to the territory of modern Tuva from the North of China.

“Perhaps we are dealing with people who at one time became the origin of the Turkic ethnic group. Immigrants from Northern China appeared in Tuva at the beginning of the Great migration — this is indicated by the burial characteristics of Ala-TEI — the most important archaeological monument, which was found in the end of the expedition,” says the head of the expedition, senior researcher of the Department of archaeology of Central Asia and Caucasus of the Institute RAS, Marina Klonowska, which noted that despite its age, the discovered burial site was never looted.

This, of course, only on hand the modern researchers who discovered inside graves huge number of ancient and valuable science of artifacts.

Immigrants from Northern China appeared in Tuva in the era of the Great migration: evidenced by the new archaeological monument from this period, discovered in the flood zone of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station of the Tuva archaeological expedition of the Institute of history of material culture Russian Academy of Sciences (IIMK ran). This monument became one of the most significant discoveries of the expedition in 2016, and his research is scheduled to continue into 2017.

“On the banks of the Yenisei discovered numerous archaeological monuments, – told TASS the head of the expedition Marina Klonowska, senior researcher of the Department of archaeology of Central Asia and Caucasus of the Institute of RAS. The most interesting burial ground Ala Tey, where it was excavated 10 burials of Xiongnu (Huns), a nomadic people who lived in the steppes North of China in the I century BC – II century ad This monument is a very important discovery indicating that at the beginning of the era of the Great migration on the territory of Tuva there is a group of newcomers that took place, apparently from Northern China. From this moment begins the formation of the Turkic ethnic group”.

Archaeologists emphasize that none of the graves in this monument was not looted. Among the finds made in Ala-TEI – belt of nomads with a unique bronze buckles that are true works of art: they are decorated with images of animals, geometric and floral designs. One of the buckles is decorated with inlays of coral, turquoise, jade and carnelian. In burials were also found Chinese coins, mirrors, bronze model of cowry shells, a large collection of ceramics.

The Scythians and Xiongnu

During excavations in the valley of the river Eerbek in Central Tuva, which took place with the participation of students of Tuvan state University, specialists of the Institute of Sciences discovered the artefacts of the Xiongnu. “Found a lot of ornate ceramics, bronze weapons made of bone and iron, a little gold jewelry. In the funerary inventory includes things Xiongnu, which indicate the relationships of the population with the Empire of the Huns, that is, their appearance on the banks of the Yenisei river, which we recorded on the burial ground Ala-TEI was prepared earlier,” – said Marina Klonowska. In the course of these researches studied the burial Saucken-1 and Sauskan-2, left by one of the Scythian tribes in the III-II centuries BC, the Archaeologists say that the collected scientific information supplements the discoveries made at the burial of Ala-Tay.

Another point where the Tuva expedition of the IIMK RAS worked in 2016 and plans to continue in the current, became the border with Mongolia area in the South of Tuva in UVS Nurskaya basin, and Mongolia. The study here was conducted jointly with the Institute of archaeology of Mongolia.

In the study of monuments here that rock art Ovury XII-XVIII, Kara-Turug 1 and 2, the expedition discovered several hundred new images, reproducing scenes of processions of animals, hunting, battles, chariots, houses, images of goats, deer, predators from different historical periods. Also found kereksur – Kurgan, in design resembling a spoked wheel, and ceremonial burial in the bronze age II Millennium BC, in which were the bones of red deer and the bull.

“The gorge, Mongon-Tsahir from ancient times were the trail connecting the Tuva and Mongolia, it drove Cupid himself-San, a hero of national resistance of the XVIII century – said Belonovsky. – On rocks along the trail in the middle Ages were engraved mysterious signs – tamgas that have yet to decipher. Several hundred petroglyphs recorded at the border crossing, Borshoo. There are many unique patterns, for example, camels, flying reindeer”.

Katunsky Biosphere Reserve is located in the highlands of Central Altai. Its total area – 151,664 ha. The reserve was established in 1991, June 25th.

Katunsky biosphere reserve and the Altai nature reserve in 1998 were included in the list of world cultural and natural heritage “Golden mountains”.

On conservation area has a continental climate, which is characterized by high amplitude of annual temperatures and a significant level of insolation. During the cold period of the local climate is influenced by Asian anticyclone, summer significantly affected by the Arctic and Atlantic wet mass. Most rain falls on slopes (up to 1500 mm) and accounted for summer and autumn.

Hydrography Katunsky Nature Reserve is mainly represented by the sources and tributaries of the river Katun. Character of all the rivers that flow here, a mountain. As a rule, they differ with steep slopes. Streambed and bottoms of the valleys are filled with pebbles and boulders. Large lakes in protected lands are absent.

Flora and fauna Katunsky Biosphere Reserve.

Vegetation has alpine forest-steppe and taiga-type zones. The reserve is spread grass-forb rocky steppes with cotoneaster Aronia, Siberian barberry, meadowsweet, Dracocephalum Ruysha, peons hybrid, campion, yellow onion, onion wilts, onions linear.

Along riverbeds common formation birch-spruce, larch and fir, lowland forests with rocks that form the wood floor: birch, Siberian larch, Siberian spruce. In the valley of the Katun frequent willow riverine and coastal shrubs of mericariae and shrubby cinquefoil. In the lower part of the forest belt is dominated by spruce, common hardwoods – Siberian mountain ash, silver birch.

Typical representatives of the animal world Katunsky Reserve – sable, squirrel, chipmunk, musk deer, red deer, and elk. In the highlands, you can see ibex. Among the most common predators wolverine, lynx, bear, weasel, mink, weasel, ermine.

The rare and protected species include the following: black vulture, black stork, eagle owl, Pallid Harrier, European black-throated loon, osprey, common gray shrike, the bearded vulture, golden eagle, saker falcon, snow leopard.

Contact Information:
Address: 649490, Russia, Altai Republic, p. Ust-Cox Street. Reserved 1

Tuva is located in the heart of Asia, and almost isolated from the world. Due to this, the edge of the Scythian burial mounds, Chinese palaces, shamans and strange customs managed to maintain its unique identity.

The Center Of Asia.

Republic of Tyva – one of the most picturesque places in Russia. It presents a variety of landscapes, from mountains to steppe, from taiga to semi-desert. Nature Tyva has healing power. The inhabitants of the republic used for medicinal purposes cold and hot mineral springs, and the water from the saline steppe lakes.

In the north and east of its envelope ridges and spurs of the Sayan Mountains. In the west of the Altai Mountains are located, among them – the highest point of Tuva – Mount Mongun-Taiga, which means “Silver Mountain”.

In the capital of Tuva, Kyzyl is the Center of Asia, marked by the obelisk. Back in the late XIX century English traveler, whose name remains unknown, identified by the then maps the place where is the geographical center of Asia, and established there a modest stone pillar. Later, this point has been clarified, and the column was moved 25 kilometers downstream of the Yenisei, in Kyzyl. In Soviet times, it was replaced by concrete obelisk, and today its plan to establish a new location monument, topped Scythian gold deer.

Indians with European features.

In pre-revolutionary Russia were called Uryankhays they themselves call themselves tyvalar, we are accustomed to call them Tuvinians. Surprisingly, these people are genetically similar to the American Indians, the scientists even suggest that the ancient ancestors of Tuvinians participated in the colonization of America.

On the territory of the Republic of Tyva lived nomads, whose arms and horse harness similar to the Scythian. Compared with the other inhabitants of Asia, Tuvans fairly large admixture of European blood. There is even a suggestion that in ancient times they dominated European features, but with the invasion of nomadic cultures of Central Asia, including the Xiongnu invaders, the locals have become closer to the Mongoloid race. They said (and still say) in the language of the Turkic language family.

Direct ancestors of Tuvinians – Uighurs – were quite developed peoples. In the Middle Ages, they had their own runic writing. In 1207, the territory of Tuva Mongol forces invaded. At the head of the eldest son of Genghis Khan – Jochi. He meets fierce resistance militant Tuvinians. Once these lands were conquered, Khan’s tax collectors demanded from them the most beautiful girls for their rulers. This deeply offended Tuvinians, and rebellion broke out that engulfed the whole Minusinsk depression, the territory of Tuva and Altai.

Even in ancient times Tuvan tribes moved to the nomadic way of life, as their main occupation was herding. Settled on the land they are only in the middle of the XX century.

Scythian gold.

Tuva is not only rich in natural resources, but also the historical monuments. In the valley of the river Uyuk is unique mound complex, which for the wealth and extent (some mounds reach 100-120 meters in diameter) are sometimes called the Valley of the kings. The most famous group of mounds with the common name “Arjan”. Arzhan-1 was investigated in the 70-ies of XX century. Unfortunately, his plundered in ancient times, but archaeologists still got rich and amazing stuff. In Arzhan-1 was buried older man, most likely leader of the tribe. In addition to his mound lay the bodies of 16 people and 160 horses. From this mound there is one of the symbols of Tuva – Golden Panther, curled into a ring.

Even more unique finds were made in Arzhan-2, which are known as an archaeological sensation of the XX century. In this huge mound with a diameter of 80 meters, scientists have discovered about 20 kilograms of gold jewelry, glassware, jewelry, religious items.

Due to the permafrost, in the mounds are remarkably well preserved remains and animal skins, felt carpets, clothing and footwear, and buried where people naturally mummified. All of this can be seen in the National Museum of Tuva and the State Hermitage Museum.

The palace in the steppe.

Other archaeological sites of Tuva is Por-Bajin. Imagine a lake in the wilderness, smooth as a mirror. In the center of it – several islands, where the largest of them stands the ancient fortress. This is the Por-Bajin, in Tuvan – “clay house.” He really was made of clay, or rather – of mud brick. Por-Bajin covers an area of more than 3 hectares and is surrounded by walls that are in ruins, and up to ten meters, and once were even higher.

The fortress was built in the VIII century BC. In Tuva no more, no such structure, but they are typical of China. Where did “mud house” middle of the steppe?

According to legend, one of the Uighur Khan helped the Chinese Emperor to quell the rebellion on the border of the state. For this the Emperor was married to Khan for his daughter. It was hard for the Princess to go in the wrong barbarian land, she took a masters from China, which was built for her and her husband’s traditional Palace with a tiled roof, dragon Mord-“masks” and wall murals. But nomadic nature in the Uighur Khan won yet, and maybe he was afraid that sitting in one place will attract the attention of enemies. Anyway, he left Port-Bazhyn pretty quickly, the castle was virtually uninhabited.

At the crossroads of religions.

Tuva was at the crossroads of several worlds and religions, here peacefully coexist Buddhists, shamanists and Christian believers. Buddhism appeared in Tuva in the XIII century, when it became part of the Mongol Empire, but the present distribution of this religion was only in the XVIII century, when Tuva got into subjection to China and there began his missionary work Mongolian lamas. Buddhist monasteries are not only centers of culture, but also the large feudal economy. They own the land, are trading on their working set of the peasants.

Buddhism had a great influence on the traditional religion of Tuvinians – shamanism, especially in the rites of the life cycle: weddings, maternity and funeral ceremony. Nowadays, among the inhabitants of Tuva common syncretic views (ie, combining both religions). With some problems, they go to shamans, with the other – to the Buddhist Lama.

By means of Tuva shamans resort in different cases, but more often during illness. Shaman serves as a mediator between the world of humans and the world of spirits, he may by a special ceremony, the ritual return to the place of the human soul and to banish from his home sickness. Coming out of the trance, during which the shaman travels to the spirit world, he told the audience about what he saw during his travels.

Old Believers Tuva – a closed group of people living compactly in the most remote places of the republic – the headwaters of the Yenisei. Not even know their exact number – An estimated 500 to 1,000 people. Where did they come in Southern Siberia? They have moved here in the late XIX century. While Tuva was foreign territory abroad, and the Old Believers were hoping to find here the salvation of royal taxation and military service. But other than that, to the north of them attracted legendary quest Belovodye place where supposedly Christian faith is preserved in its unspoiled state. It is not known if they found it or not, but they have found a new home for many years.

Throat singing.

Directly associated with shamanism “Khoomei” – Tuvan throat singing. Its uniqueness is that the artist removes just two or even three notes simultaneously, forming a polyphonic solo. Tyva throat singing was first recorded in 1865 and created a furor among European audiences. Currently, the technique appears Khoomei many artists and groups, one of the most famous – the group Huun-Huur-Tu.

Salty tea and feast of love.

The first thing facing anyone came to Tuva – the local hospitality. Guests are sure to treat you with tea, and to the surprise tea inexperienced person would … salty! Yes, and with milk and butter. This traditional drink is made from the pressed green tea, it quenches thirst better in the heat and salt balance support. Furthermore, because of the addition of animal fat tea obtained very satisfying, it recuperate after hard work, and avoids cold colds.

Another strange custom Tuvinians described in his article, Soviet ethnographers Sevyan Weinstein. As in any traditional society, morals in Tuvan families were strict. But once a year during the holiday boys and girls were allowed to freely love each other. The young men took their ladies in the steppe and stuck at the selected location Uruk – long pole horse breeders. Pole warned afar that it – the territory of love. If children were born after the holiday, their adoptee girl’s family, and she could marry. The family of the man opposite was glad to have such a daughter-in-law, because it was already known that she can give birth to a healthy heir. In addition, Weinstein notes the interesting fact is that in traditional Tuvan culture was not kissing on the lips is all ours, Western influence.

State Nature Reserve Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina is located in southern Siberia, in the territory of the Republic of Tyva. It was organized in 1993, on 24 January. The total area of the reserve is 323,198 hectares.

On conservation area is dominated by the transition of the East Siberian to the Central Asian climate. It is characterized by the contrast that is directly related to the location of the reserve in the heart of Asia. Every year in the reserve falls about 200 mm of precipitation. Frosty winter with little snow, summer is hot and dry. The lowest temperatures occur in January, when the thermometer drops to -37°C. The highest temperatures in July: average temperature of this month is 20°C.

The flora of the reserve Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina differs mosaic and complexity. Here you can see almost all the types of vegetation that are typical of the temperate zone: forest and mountain tundra, wetlands and grasslands, salt marshes and meadows, farmland and bushland, cliffs and alpine vegetation, as well as community and salt-loving plants xerophilic, sandy, stony and clay deserts.

The Red Book of the Russian Federation included more than thirteen species of plants that grow on the reserve.

The richness and diversity of species characterized by the wildlife reserve. Thus, in the Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina common rodents, such as the midday gerbil, jerboa Siberian, Long-tailed ground squirrel, Roborovski hamster. Artiodactyl primarily represented the Siberian roe deer, carnivorous mammals – badger, light ferret, Corsac fox, Marbled polecat, Manuli, red wolf, fox.

Of the birds in the reserve, following species: Common Redstart, White Wagtail, Isabelline wheatear, Wheatear, Barn Swallow, Isabelline shrike, Mongolian Lark, bearded partridge, Pallas sand grouse, rock pigeon, dove gray, bustard, black vulture, steppe eagle , common kestrel, peregrine falcon, saker and others. In local waters usual grayling, peled, common pike, dwarf subspecies, Altai Osman.

Contact information:
Address: 667010, Republic of Tuva, Kyzyl, st. Kalinin, 144 A.

Khakassia State Reserve is located in Southern Siberia. The main goal of its activities ─ research and conservation of natural phenomena and processes, genetic fund of flora and fauna, as well as their individual species.
Khakassky Reserve was formally organized by the Government of the Russian Federation in 1999. In this case, were merged pre-existing reserves – “Small Abakan” and “Chazy.” Two years later he was joined by land “Zaimka Lykovs.” Today Khakassky reserve includes nine separate sections having a total area of ​​274,600 hectares.

Within the reserve there are many natural and historical attractions. So, on the site “Podzaploty” is rare petroglyphs the IV. B.C. – V century. A.D. shafts XVII – XVIII centuries. and mounds.
On the site “Lake Itkul” preserved cluster of mounds, prehistoric, dating to 2.5 thousand years. Near the site “Kamyzyaksky steppe” are the largest mounds of Khakassia (“Valley of the leaders”). And on the site “Oglahty” was found Neolithic settlement. There are cave paintings that are age 3-10 thousand years.

In addition, Khakassia Reserve is a large number of caves: “Archaeology”, which is an ancient human, “Krutaya” with graves, “Pandora’s Box”, “Cross”, where you can see the huge halls and grottoes.
Khakassky Nature Reserve is located in the mountain steppes Minusinskaya Basin and northern macro-West Sayan. The largest portion is considered mountain and taiga “Small Abakan”, which is located in the basin of the same name.

Natural conditions of the mountain taiga and steppe areas are markedly different from each other. For example, the steppe areas have sharply continental, dry climate. The area is characterized by sharp fluctuations in temperature not only not only monthly, but daily. However, after the large reservoirs have been created on the Yenisei, the climate became soft (especially noticeable this is manifested in the Yenisei valley). Average temperature in January is -19 ° C, and in July ─ + 20 ° C. In contrast to the steppe areas, mountain characterized sharply continental climate. Here winter is cold and long and short summers. The coldest month is January. Average monthly air temperature at the time ─ -17,6 ° C. The warmest month is July, as its average temperature is + 17,4 ° C.

Flora and fauna Khakassky State Reserve.

Flora of mountain-taiga area Khakassky nature reserve belongs to the meadow, tundra and forest types. Steppe flora in the reserve are deserted, meadow, real (high bunch, bunchgrass), alkaline and rocky steppes.
Do not forget that the diversity of plants in the reserve are not fully understood. However, for today, on the territory of Khakassia reserve grows many of the plants listed in the Red book of Russia. These include: the tick trefoil Minusinsk, Siberian adder’s-fern, feather grass, istnick Tatar, Oxytropis enclosing and others.

As for mammals listed in the Red Book of Russia, then in the reserve can be found red wolf, Altai mountain sheep, snow leopard and beaver. The reserve is also home to many rare birds, including the red-breasted goose steppe eagle, belladonna.

Contact Information:
Location: Republic of Khakassia, Abakan, ul. Tsukanova, 164

Historical and Ethnographic Museum “Shushenskoe” – a unique complex situated in the open air with a total area of 16 hectares.
The memorial part of the exhibition consists of 29 houses, 23 of which are genuine and dated XIX century. On estates and homes recreated living conditions Siberians showing local arts and crafts, covers the main classes of peasants. Memorial setting is stored in the two houses, where once lived V.I. Lenin.

History of the museum began in 1924, when there was an initiative to perpetuate the memory of Lenin, who spent some time in a Siberian village as a political exile. For example, a house belonging to peasant P. Petrova, in which Lenin spent most of the reference period, was purchased. First apartment was bought in 1928 – it belonged to the peasant A.D. Zyryanov. Originally it housed Readers room and Rural Council, and then it was decided to create in these houses Lenin Museum. Its opening was held in 1930 in the house of Peter.
In 1939, January 1, he came under the management of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), becoming part of the Central Lenin Museum Lenin. Exposure at home A.D. Zyryanova launched in January 1940.

April 1968 was a landmark in the history of the museum Shushenskoe. It was then that here was organized by the museum-reserve called “Siberian Exile of VI Lenin. “The main object of the memorial was the house-museum of VI Lenin. Played an important role and space-architectural environment Shushenskogo. Opening of the Museum-Reserve was held in 1970, on 12 April.
Today, the museum houses more than 30 different collections: vehicles, memorabilia, graphics, numismatics, religious items, musical instruments, samovars, dishes, clothes, furniture. Also here you can see the gun making, and blacksmithing craft, woodworking, weaving, fishing, beekeeping, hunting, herding.
Sightseeing tour of the museum Shushenskoe assumes familiarity with the farms of rich and poor villagers, visit the tavern, retail shops and a local government with a prison. Museum “Shushenskoe” offers visitors a feast traditional drinks and dishes peasant cuisine, demonstration of old crafts.

Every year there are festivals of inter-regional level, such as “Trinity Village” and “Wide Pancake.” In the Museum work shops: folk costumes, wood art, cooper, potter.

Area: 5 426 – 5 470 km2
Maximum depth: 150 m

Bratsk reservoir – a reservoir in the Irkutsk region of Russia, founded on the river Angara in the result of construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, the second on volume of the reservoir in the world. On the banks of the city of Bratsk, by which it was named, and Svirsk. Water is widely used for navigation, fishing, rafting and water supply. A lot of fish resources.

Bratsk reservoir on the river Angara is the biggest on the total volume (169,3 km3) the valley reservoir in the world. The reservoir is filled in 1961-67 years and has a very complex configuration. Consists of two main pools, occupying the flooded areas of the valleys of the rivers Angara (length 500 km, the maximum width 33 km) and Oka (the length of 370 km). In the valleys of many other tributaries formed a long meandering creeks.

Bratsk reservoir is of great importance for energy, navigation, rafting, water and fisheries.

Main characteristics.

The dam of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station was built in 1961, the filling of the reservoir ended in 1967. The surface of the water reservoir ranges from 5 426 km2 to 5 470 km2, and the volume is 169 km3. Useful volume of the Bratsk reservoir is 35.41 km3, mean depth 31 meters, level change during the drawdown on the NPA – 7.08 m, Coastline length of about 7 400 km strongly indented, in the confluence of major rivers – Angara, Oka, and others formed a long bays. The width of the Bratsk reservoir exceeds 20 km.

Area: 1400-2000 km²
Maximum depth: 7 m.

The Chany lake – closed salt lake in Russia, located in Barabinsk lowland on the territory of the Novosibirsk region, the largest lake in Western Siberia. The lake is located on the territory of five districts of the Novosibirsk region: Sivinskogo, Barabinsk, Janovskeho, Kopynskoho and Chistoozernoe. It got its name from the word Chan (Turkic) is the vessel of the big sizes. The Chany lake is located at the altitude is 106 meters above sea level. The lake has 91 km, 88 kilometers in width. The lake area is variable and currently, according to different estimations makes from 1400 to 2000 km2. Average depth of about 2 metres. The basin of the lake is flat. The lake is shallow with depths of up to 2 meters account for 60 % of the total lake area. The lake shore is low and highly rugged, overgrown with reeds, the reeds, sedge and bushes. The bottom is sandy and muddy. The maximum recorded temperature of water in summer is 28,3 C. a Large part of the lake located in the forest-steppe natural zone.

On a lake about 70 Islands, the largest are Amelkina Mane, Shundikov, Lean, Bear, Cap, Chinaaa, bird-cherry, Rare. Island Cheremushkin, Mare, Perekupnoy, Bekarev, guelder rose, Chinaaa, Sipiagin, Round, Kolotov, Kamyshnyi are natural monuments in the region, because they contain unique landscape, which is the habitat of rare species of plants and animals. Among the largest peninsulas – Zelenchuk, Kondakov, Naked, waskin, Cape, Travnikov, Rodyushkin, Kvashnina, Malinina, Dark, Tyumen. The Islands and the Peninsula of the lake have a characteristic feature of most of them stretched from South-West to North-East. Their specific location due to the fact that they represent a half-mane. The salted lake, in the South-Eastern part of the lake salinity below. The power of the lake mainly snow, lake fed by rivers Kargat and the Chulym river (flows into Small Tanks). Earlier in the lake flowed the river Sarika, connecting it with lake Sartlan. Average annual total flow of the river Chulym and Kargat not very significant and is 0,44 km3, while drains are very IZMENChIVOSTI Vats is a unique reservoir of Western Siberia. The maximum value of the total flow was achieved in 1948 – 1,72 km3, the minimum – in 1968, when it was 0,013 km3. The inflow of water has a tendency to decrease due to the many dams built on recasa connected with channels with more fresh Small lakes Chany and Arcul. The lake is a system of pools connected by canals and shallow water zones, of which the largest three: Kireichenko, Tagana-Kazantsevo and Yarkovsky different mineralization of water, space, water, soils, prey base . Freezes in the second half of October to the first half of November, opened in may. On the lake there is a local shipping.

Climate.

The climate in the area of lake Chany continental. The average January temperature is -19,7 degrees C, in July – +18,3 C. frost-free period lasts from 115 to 120 days. The average annual rainfall is 380 mm snow cover thickness – 20-30 see

Flora and fauna.

The Chany lake is inhabited by 16 species of fish. The most numerous: silver carp, perch, carp, IDE, pike-perch. The average number have roach, pike, bream. Small species – Golden carp, Peled, eel, tench, lake minnow, gudgeon, verkhovka. Main place of wintering of fish – Jarkovsky ples and lake Arcul. The most numerous fish in Harkovskom ples – perch. In summer Kireichenko ples in a significant number inhabited by all basic kinds of fish fauna in Tagana-Kazantsevo the reach of the common species are IDE, pike, carp, crucian, a smaller number of roach and perch. In dry years the winter Zamora cause enormous damage in fish populations, especially valuable commercial species. In dry periods killed a large number of eggs and young, so the fish tank is required. The lake regularly serebryatsya, it holds the commercial cultivation of fish. First fish-breeding work in the lake began in 1926 – 1927. Originally were acclimatized carp, carp, bream. Later was conducted acclimatization Sudak, Peled, tench, nelma, muksun, Baikal omul, when the stocking of the lake accidentally universe verkhovka. The first attempts of acclimatization great success is not achieved, increasing catches were observed. Further acclimatization perch was successful, and he reached great numbers. The bulk of bream dies in dry years when Zamora, so its population has not yet reached the commercial level. At present reliable information about the presence of the lake Baikal omul and nelma not. The failure of the omul is explained by the fact that the lake for this type of fish is shallow. Acclimatization Peled failed because of the high salinity of the water, and at the present time commercial cultivation of Peled, when the larvae grown in fish farms, are released into the lake, and fish grow to commercial size. In addition, many larvae omul, muksun, Peled and nelma was eaten perch, roach and IDE.

In 1976 on the river Chulym was built fish hatchery “Urumqi”, including those engaged in growing and stocking of the lake Chany the young of carp. Active stocking juveniles weighing 25 – 80 grams led to the fact that the lake has been formed by numerous self-reproducing population of carp. According to the observations of the Novosibirsk branch of “Sibribniiproekt” in 1993 carp on the number of juveniles appearing ahead of native species of fish, roach, IDE and perch. The economic crisis of the 1990-s led to the fact that the scale stocking lakes kennel has significantly decreased.

Fish stocks are now in comparison with the nineteenth century much drooped. For the first time reduction in the catch of pike, carp and perch was registered at the end of the XIX century: “… the first was full of fish, in it there were pikes to pood weight, carp and perch from 5 to 7 – 8 F. Now, for unknown reasons, fish his wealth emaciation and the fish were crushed”. In XX century in periods of high water levels in fish catches reached 10 thousand tons per year in dry years was reduced up to 200 tons per year. In dry periods the basis of commercial catches occupy low-value fish species. Among the main reasons for the reduction of catches are named the following: the Decline and sharp fluctuations in water level. Winter kills. Freezing to the bottom of a significant part (up to 25 %) of the lake in winter. Reducing stocking. Anthropogenic impact. In the lake officially permitted fishing nets at the purchase of the corresponding license. The established quota on catching the fish is 2800 tons per year. Ichthyologists believe the actual catches are much higher than the official statistics, in addition, in recent years on a large scale is poaching. Increasing concentrations of phenols, oil products, nitrogen compounds and other substances. High mineralization of water in the lake. The most saline water noted in Kireichenko (6 g/dm3) and Harkovskom (2.5 g/dm3) reaches. At the end of XX century the lake has got the form of the goldfish called Amur carp. Amur carp for several years a rapidly multiplied, virtually ousted from the lake did not bear with it competition Golden carp, and currently ranks first in catches. Part of the population perch infected Gill tick. Opisthorchiasis in fish lake Chany reported so far.

The lake plays an important role in the migration of many species of water birds: ducks, gulls, geese, waders, swans, terns, coots, mountain duck. Out of the rare species of birds on lake marked white-headed duck, red-breasted goose, Asian Dowitcher, sociable lapwing, Avocet, black-winged stilt, great black-headed gull, Caspian tern, steppe circosta, Golden eagle, white-tailed eagles, Dalmatian Pelican. On the lake there are significant aggregations of waterfowl in periods of migration and molting. During migration and nesting on the lake is up to 220 species of birds, according to other data – up to 300 species of birds. In the 1970-ies estimates ornithologists on the lake for the season used to 1.5 million waterfowl. During the XX century has been a steady decline in the number of waterfowl because of mass destruction. For example, in 1930 in the system Chanovsky lakes were collected 9 million eggs and many more damaged. At the beginning of the XXI century the main anthropogenic factors that reduce the number of birds were the destruction of nests during grazing in the coastal part of the lake, bird mortality in fishing nets.

From mammals inhabit the lake muskrat, in the forest-steppe lands, timed to the lake, inhabited by foxes, hares, ROE deer, badgers, foxes, weasels. The lake is rich in plankton, as zooplankton and phytoplankton. According to the data of 1983 are found in the lake 404 species of algae. In Kireichenko ples noted the high biomass of algae, strong development of phytoplankton has a negative impact on the abundance of fish. Species diversity of zoobenthos small, dominated by midges, also there are shellfish, caddisflies, KOLIZEY, gammarids, oligochaetes, dragonflies, mayflies. On the banks and Islands of the lake grow birch, cherry, cranberry, aspen, hawthorn, dogrose, currant, raspberry, fern. In 1940-ies on the Northern shore of the lake were planted with oak and pine forest. On some Islands, for example, on the island Skorecki grow and flower wild peonies.

Area: 4 560 km²
Maximum depth: 26 m

Lake Taimyr on the Taimyr Peninsula in the Krasnoyarsk Krai of the Russian Federation, is part of Taimyr nature reserve. The second largest after lake Baikal in the Asian part of Russia. Taimyr is the most Northern in the world this large lake is its extreme Northern point is North of 75 degrees North latitude. From oz. Taimyr follows R. bottom of Taimyr. The lake is covered with ice from late September to July, the average duration of the ice-free period – 73 days. The water temperature in August is +8 degrees C, in winter – slightly above zero. Permanent settlements there, on the lake is located inactive meteorological station.

General description.

Is far beyond the polar circle, in the foothills Byrranga. Coastline is highly indented shallow bays and coves. Gentle southern coast is friable deposits of Quaternary period. North shore, with outputs of older rocks, rises sharply to the foothills of Byrranga, which in Taimyr into numerous tributaries. Some of the rivers start from mountain lakes, such as lake Levinson-Lessing. In the Western part a lot of rocky Islands, in the Eastern part is a sandy island Sokolova-Mikitov. The lake district is located in the climatic zone of tundra, widespread distribution of permafrost. The average annual temperature in the area is -13,4 °C, the average temperature of the warmest month – July – +12,3 C. Despite the large amount of precipitation in winter, the formation of large snow cover hampered by strong winds and flat terrain. In the summer of frequent storm, during which there is a strong turbidity of the water due to the shallow depth of the lake. For the characteristic lake level rise from early summer until August, followed by its decrease until the following spring, during which lost up to 75 % of water. Level change during the year leads to a significant – up to 30-50 % of the area of the mirror, to 84 % of the total lake Taimyr freeze to the bottom during each winter, including up to 25 % of the permanent lake waters. Seasonal decline in the water level can reach a height of 1.5 m above sea level and the area of lake Taimyr – shrink to 1 200 km2. The shallow depth and the water level dropped on average by 5.9 m in winter leads to deformation of the ice cover and propagation. The thickness of ice reaches 2-3 m, crack formation with the subsequent fall of ice accompanied by severe crackling noise.

Flora and fauna.

Despite its location in the lake is 20 species of fish. The most common species such as whitefish, whitefish, whitefish. Also found pike, omul, whitefish, grayling. In small amounts present Siberian sculpin. The Peninsula is inhabited by the following representatives birds: ducks, geese, swans, rough-legged Buzzards, swans, peregrine Falcon. Wintering birds fly away to warm countries, in the summer of return, in order to produce offspring. An interesting phenomenon observed in the lake Taimyr is the lack of higher aquatic vegetation, at a time when there are individuals related to marine aquatic complex and Baikal. In the Taimyr Peninsula is populated Arctic fish whitefish, whitefish, trout and others In the lake there are no representatives of the higher aquatic flora aquatic food chain of animals is based on the phytoplankton. During the winter the water falls amount of dissolved oxygen, since in summer the place demolished many organic substances. Perignane precipitation makes the area very deep depression unavailable for fish. Fauna of lake Taimyr were studied on the subject of adaptation dwelling in him types and possibilities of their resettlement in the Siberian reservoir, which also differ in significant changes during the year. Mainly in the Taimyr flora and fauna aquatic complex living organisms, there are also species characteristic of the lake Baikal. The appearance of the first species explain the message of the lake with the sea through the Lower Taimyra and changes of level of the world ocean in different historical periods. The presence of representatives of the Baikal ecosystem due to glacial periods, during which the hydrological regime of the region fluctuated with the formation of large glacial lakes in North Asia. The island of Taimyr are nesting grounds for migratory birds – the red-breasted goose, geese and other

Climate.

Lake Taimyr located in the severe North conditions of tundra and forest tundra. Here almost everywhere there is permafrost. In the area of lake Taimyr climate is slightly warmer than the other territory of the Peninsula. The average temperature throughout the year does not exceed -13,4 C in the warmest month July is +12,3 C. in Winter the region is characterized by persistent precipitation. While strong wind and plains prevent the formation of large snow layer. In summer, on the Peninsula of the sun is shining all day, shining with rays of the water surface of the lake. During this period, the lake becomes alive. In summer the lake is characterized by storm. Polar summer and Arctic winter to adjust their operations flora and fauna of the area. The plants grow faster, accelerating periodicaled. Chicks faster than in other climatic zones. All life is trying to pass through stages of development, during the short polar summer time. In the tundra, no germs, so warm-blooded organisms are easier to tolerate low temperatures. Ultraviolet rays, which are here in abundance, enhance the overall tone of organisms and at the same time, clean the air from germs. It is believed that in the summer in the tundra people will feel much better than usual climatic conditions.

Area: 735 km²
Maximum depth: 10 meters

Lake Pyasino – lake of glacial origin in Russia, in the South-West North-Siberian lowland in the Krasnoyarsk territory, approximately 20 km from Norilsk. Freezes at the beginning of October, opened from ice in late June – early July.

Physical features.

Flows from the lake only the Pyasina river, the main tributary, R. Norilsk, the latter can be considered upstream of the Pyasina river, which is in the North of modern lake podprugin range end moraines. Norilsk at the confluence of the lake forms a river Delta, part of which is also a river Barn. Other tributaries of the lake are not significant.

Bank of Pacino mostly flat, swampy places. The lake gathers the waters of large lakes Lama, Chum salmon and Deep in the mountains of the reserve. The lake is rich with fish, it meets brown trout 2 types and special types of Chir, called maccuhal.

Pasino is a lake, which is of glacier origin. It is situated in the southwestern part of the lowlands of the North-Siberian on the territory of Krasnoyarsk territory, approximately 20 kilometers from Norilsk in Russia.

Freezes the water reservoir at the beginning of October, and opened the ice at the end of June or in early July. From Pacino one follows the Pyasina river. Main tributary is the river of Norilsk, which is considered the upper reaches of the Pyasina river. This river in the Northern part of modern lake significantly podprugin moraine ridge end. The river at the confluence of the Norilsk in this lake forms the Delta of the river, part of which is the river Barn. Other tributaries of lake Pyasino are insignificant.

Bank of Pacino largely flat, in some places, swampy. The lake includes the waters of large rivers such as Salmon, Lama and Deep.

As already noted, Pyasino lake is located in the Northern part of Eastern Siberia. This pond occupies the bottom of the ancient glacial valley, which is partitioned in the Northern part of the shaft of moraines. The length of Pasino is 70 kilometers with a maximum width of 15 km. The total water area of 735 square kilometers with a catchment area of 24,000 square kilometers.

As noted, in this lake into numerous small rivers. The main tributaries of the pond is a small river Nerilka, pike, Samoyed and a Barn. Pacino are considered to be small reservoirs.

Basically the shores of lake flat, in some places they are swamped, but at the same time, with uenoi, and the Eastern side of the pond is surrounded by small hills covered with forests.

The power of Pacino rain and snow. Annual changes in the level of the surface can reach six and a half meters. In the lake Pyasino is full of fish. However, as already noted, in 20 kilometers from lake is located the town of Norilsk, which has a negative impact on the ecological purity of the water body.

Lake Pyasino is very attractive. It attracts a huge number of fishermen excellent facilities and delicious fish. however, however, to reach the lake is not so easy. This is the mystery of this reservoir. In the summer, access to the lake it is quite problematic to any transport. In winter time all the way hides a solid layer of snow. And what can you do? Any vehicle, getting to a huge lake Pyasino, will struggle to overcome the swampy approaches and are not always able to cross numerous unpredictable, in some places even dangerous, rivers and streams. Crossing of them are known only to a few.

If to speak about crossing the lake, it can be compared with exciting and unpredictable adventure. Lucky – unknown. The wire on this reservoir compared with many kind of lottery, where the rate may be a whole life. Smooth surface of the lake Pyasino very deceptive. In a matter of seconds water can turn into a nightmare for inexperienced sudogoda. Storms on Pacino has long been considered the parables of the town and killed a large number of ships and people. Among other things, the waterway to the lake is only possible for only several weeks. However, however, the scenery of lake Pyasino attract and are attracted by its beauty and unpredictability. Many nature of this area attracts everyone. For this reason many people want to see and to enjoy a truly wonderful and unique species, which cannot be seen anywhere. And for the fishermen, this lake is the gold, for the reason that there are a variety of fish species and abundant.