Area: 5 426 – 5 470 km2
Maximum depth: 150 m

Bratsk reservoir – a reservoir in the Irkutsk region of Russia, founded on the river Angara in the result of construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, the second on volume of the reservoir in the world. On the banks of the city of Bratsk, by which it was named, and Svirsk. Water is widely used for navigation, fishing, rafting and water supply. A lot of fish resources.

Bratsk reservoir on the river Angara is the biggest on the total volume (169,3 km3) the valley reservoir in the world. The reservoir is filled in 1961-67 years and has a very complex configuration. Consists of two main pools, occupying the flooded areas of the valleys of the rivers Angara (length 500 km, the maximum width 33 km) and Oka (the length of 370 km). In the valleys of many other tributaries formed a long meandering creeks.

Bratsk reservoir is of great importance for energy, navigation, rafting, water and fisheries.

Main characteristics.

The dam of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station was built in 1961, the filling of the reservoir ended in 1967. The surface of the water reservoir ranges from 5 426 km2 to 5 470 km2, and the volume is 169 km3. Useful volume of the Bratsk reservoir is 35.41 km3, mean depth 31 meters, level change during the drawdown on the NPA – 7.08 m, Coastline length of about 7 400 km strongly indented, in the confluence of major rivers – Angara, Oka, and others formed a long bays. The width of the Bratsk reservoir exceeds 20 km.

Area: 1400-2000 km²
Maximum depth: 7 m.

The Chany lake – closed salt lake in Russia, located in Barabinsk lowland on the territory of the Novosibirsk region, the largest lake in Western Siberia. The lake is located on the territory of five districts of the Novosibirsk region: Sivinskogo, Barabinsk, Janovskeho, Kopynskoho and Chistoozernoe. It got its name from the word Chan (Turkic) is the vessel of the big sizes. The Chany lake is located at the altitude is 106 meters above sea level. The lake has 91 km, 88 kilometers in width. The lake area is variable and currently, according to different estimations makes from 1400 to 2000 km2. Average depth of about 2 metres. The basin of the lake is flat. The lake is shallow with depths of up to 2 meters account for 60 % of the total lake area. The lake shore is low and highly rugged, overgrown with reeds, the reeds, sedge and bushes. The bottom is sandy and muddy. The maximum recorded temperature of water in summer is 28,3 C. a Large part of the lake located in the forest-steppe natural zone.

On a lake about 70 Islands, the largest are Amelkina Mane, Shundikov, Lean, Bear, Cap, Chinaaa, bird-cherry, Rare. Island Cheremushkin, Mare, Perekupnoy, Bekarev, guelder rose, Chinaaa, Sipiagin, Round, Kolotov, Kamyshnyi are natural monuments in the region, because they contain unique landscape, which is the habitat of rare species of plants and animals. Among the largest peninsulas – Zelenchuk, Kondakov, Naked, waskin, Cape, Travnikov, Rodyushkin, Kvashnina, Malinina, Dark, Tyumen. The Islands and the Peninsula of the lake have a characteristic feature of most of them stretched from South-West to North-East. Their specific location due to the fact that they represent a half-mane. The salted lake, in the South-Eastern part of the lake salinity below. The power of the lake mainly snow, lake fed by rivers Kargat and the Chulym river (flows into Small Tanks). Earlier in the lake flowed the river Sarika, connecting it with lake Sartlan. Average annual total flow of the river Chulym and Kargat not very significant and is 0,44 km3, while drains are very IZMENChIVOSTI Vats is a unique reservoir of Western Siberia. The maximum value of the total flow was achieved in 1948 – 1,72 km3, the minimum – in 1968, when it was 0,013 km3. The inflow of water has a tendency to decrease due to the many dams built on recasa connected with channels with more fresh Small lakes Chany and Arcul. The lake is a system of pools connected by canals and shallow water zones, of which the largest three: Kireichenko, Tagana-Kazantsevo and Yarkovsky different mineralization of water, space, water, soils, prey base . Freezes in the second half of October to the first half of November, opened in may. On the lake there is a local shipping.

Climate.

The climate in the area of lake Chany continental. The average January temperature is -19,7 degrees C, in July – +18,3 C. frost-free period lasts from 115 to 120 days. The average annual rainfall is 380 mm snow cover thickness – 20-30 see

Flora and fauna.

The Chany lake is inhabited by 16 species of fish. The most numerous: silver carp, perch, carp, IDE, pike-perch. The average number have roach, pike, bream. Small species – Golden carp, Peled, eel, tench, lake minnow, gudgeon, verkhovka. Main place of wintering of fish – Jarkovsky ples and lake Arcul. The most numerous fish in Harkovskom ples – perch. In summer Kireichenko ples in a significant number inhabited by all basic kinds of fish fauna in Tagana-Kazantsevo the reach of the common species are IDE, pike, carp, crucian, a smaller number of roach and perch. In dry years the winter Zamora cause enormous damage in fish populations, especially valuable commercial species. In dry periods killed a large number of eggs and young, so the fish tank is required. The lake regularly serebryatsya, it holds the commercial cultivation of fish. First fish-breeding work in the lake began in 1926 – 1927. Originally were acclimatized carp, carp, bream. Later was conducted acclimatization Sudak, Peled, tench, nelma, muksun, Baikal omul, when the stocking of the lake accidentally universe verkhovka. The first attempts of acclimatization great success is not achieved, increasing catches were observed. Further acclimatization perch was successful, and he reached great numbers. The bulk of bream dies in dry years when Zamora, so its population has not yet reached the commercial level. At present reliable information about the presence of the lake Baikal omul and nelma not. The failure of the omul is explained by the fact that the lake for this type of fish is shallow. Acclimatization Peled failed because of the high salinity of the water, and at the present time commercial cultivation of Peled, when the larvae grown in fish farms, are released into the lake, and fish grow to commercial size. In addition, many larvae omul, muksun, Peled and nelma was eaten perch, roach and IDE.

In 1976 on the river Chulym was built fish hatchery “Urumqi”, including those engaged in growing and stocking of the lake Chany the young of carp. Active stocking juveniles weighing 25 – 80 grams led to the fact that the lake has been formed by numerous self-reproducing population of carp. According to the observations of the Novosibirsk branch of “Sibribniiproekt” in 1993 carp on the number of juveniles appearing ahead of native species of fish, roach, IDE and perch. The economic crisis of the 1990-s led to the fact that the scale stocking lakes kennel has significantly decreased.

Fish stocks are now in comparison with the nineteenth century much drooped. For the first time reduction in the catch of pike, carp and perch was registered at the end of the XIX century: “… the first was full of fish, in it there were pikes to pood weight, carp and perch from 5 to 7 – 8 F. Now, for unknown reasons, fish his wealth emaciation and the fish were crushed”. In XX century in periods of high water levels in fish catches reached 10 thousand tons per year in dry years was reduced up to 200 tons per year. In dry periods the basis of commercial catches occupy low-value fish species. Among the main reasons for the reduction of catches are named the following: the Decline and sharp fluctuations in water level. Winter kills. Freezing to the bottom of a significant part (up to 25 %) of the lake in winter. Reducing stocking. Anthropogenic impact. In the lake officially permitted fishing nets at the purchase of the corresponding license. The established quota on catching the fish is 2800 tons per year. Ichthyologists believe the actual catches are much higher than the official statistics, in addition, in recent years on a large scale is poaching. Increasing concentrations of phenols, oil products, nitrogen compounds and other substances. High mineralization of water in the lake. The most saline water noted in Kireichenko (6 g/dm3) and Harkovskom (2.5 g/dm3) reaches. At the end of XX century the lake has got the form of the goldfish called Amur carp. Amur carp for several years a rapidly multiplied, virtually ousted from the lake did not bear with it competition Golden carp, and currently ranks first in catches. Part of the population perch infected Gill tick. Opisthorchiasis in fish lake Chany reported so far.

The lake plays an important role in the migration of many species of water birds: ducks, gulls, geese, waders, swans, terns, coots, mountain duck. Out of the rare species of birds on lake marked white-headed duck, red-breasted goose, Asian Dowitcher, sociable lapwing, Avocet, black-winged stilt, great black-headed gull, Caspian tern, steppe circosta, Golden eagle, white-tailed eagles, Dalmatian Pelican. On the lake there are significant aggregations of waterfowl in periods of migration and molting. During migration and nesting on the lake is up to 220 species of birds, according to other data – up to 300 species of birds. In the 1970-ies estimates ornithologists on the lake for the season used to 1.5 million waterfowl. During the XX century has been a steady decline in the number of waterfowl because of mass destruction. For example, in 1930 in the system Chanovsky lakes were collected 9 million eggs and many more damaged. At the beginning of the XXI century the main anthropogenic factors that reduce the number of birds were the destruction of nests during grazing in the coastal part of the lake, bird mortality in fishing nets.

From mammals inhabit the lake muskrat, in the forest-steppe lands, timed to the lake, inhabited by foxes, hares, ROE deer, badgers, foxes, weasels. The lake is rich in plankton, as zooplankton and phytoplankton. According to the data of 1983 are found in the lake 404 species of algae. In Kireichenko ples noted the high biomass of algae, strong development of phytoplankton has a negative impact on the abundance of fish. Species diversity of zoobenthos small, dominated by midges, also there are shellfish, caddisflies, KOLIZEY, gammarids, oligochaetes, dragonflies, mayflies. On the banks and Islands of the lake grow birch, cherry, cranberry, aspen, hawthorn, dogrose, currant, raspberry, fern. In 1940-ies on the Northern shore of the lake were planted with oak and pine forest. On some Islands, for example, on the island Skorecki grow and flower wild peonies.

Area: 4 560 km²
Maximum depth: 26 m

Lake Taimyr on the Taimyr Peninsula in the Krasnoyarsk Krai of the Russian Federation, is part of Taimyr nature reserve. The second largest after lake Baikal in the Asian part of Russia. Taimyr is the most Northern in the world this large lake is its extreme Northern point is North of 75 degrees North latitude. From oz. Taimyr follows R. bottom of Taimyr. The lake is covered with ice from late September to July, the average duration of the ice-free period – 73 days. The water temperature in August is +8 degrees C, in winter – slightly above zero. Permanent settlements there, on the lake is located inactive meteorological station.

General description.

Is far beyond the polar circle, in the foothills Byrranga. Coastline is highly indented shallow bays and coves. Gentle southern coast is friable deposits of Quaternary period. North shore, with outputs of older rocks, rises sharply to the foothills of Byrranga, which in Taimyr into numerous tributaries. Some of the rivers start from mountain lakes, such as lake Levinson-Lessing. In the Western part a lot of rocky Islands, in the Eastern part is a sandy island Sokolova-Mikitov. The lake district is located in the climatic zone of tundra, widespread distribution of permafrost. The average annual temperature in the area is -13,4 °C, the average temperature of the warmest month – July – +12,3 C. Despite the large amount of precipitation in winter, the formation of large snow cover hampered by strong winds and flat terrain. In the summer of frequent storm, during which there is a strong turbidity of the water due to the shallow depth of the lake. For the characteristic lake level rise from early summer until August, followed by its decrease until the following spring, during which lost up to 75 % of water. Level change during the year leads to a significant – up to 30-50 % of the area of the mirror, to 84 % of the total lake Taimyr freeze to the bottom during each winter, including up to 25 % of the permanent lake waters. Seasonal decline in the water level can reach a height of 1.5 m above sea level and the area of lake Taimyr – shrink to 1 200 km2. The shallow depth and the water level dropped on average by 5.9 m in winter leads to deformation of the ice cover and propagation. The thickness of ice reaches 2-3 m, crack formation with the subsequent fall of ice accompanied by severe crackling noise.

Flora and fauna.

Despite its location in the lake is 20 species of fish. The most common species such as whitefish, whitefish, whitefish. Also found pike, omul, whitefish, grayling. In small amounts present Siberian sculpin. The Peninsula is inhabited by the following representatives birds: ducks, geese, swans, rough-legged Buzzards, swans, peregrine Falcon. Wintering birds fly away to warm countries, in the summer of return, in order to produce offspring. An interesting phenomenon observed in the lake Taimyr is the lack of higher aquatic vegetation, at a time when there are individuals related to marine aquatic complex and Baikal. In the Taimyr Peninsula is populated Arctic fish whitefish, whitefish, trout and others In the lake there are no representatives of the higher aquatic flora aquatic food chain of animals is based on the phytoplankton. During the winter the water falls amount of dissolved oxygen, since in summer the place demolished many organic substances. Perignane precipitation makes the area very deep depression unavailable for fish. Fauna of lake Taimyr were studied on the subject of adaptation dwelling in him types and possibilities of their resettlement in the Siberian reservoir, which also differ in significant changes during the year. Mainly in the Taimyr flora and fauna aquatic complex living organisms, there are also species characteristic of the lake Baikal. The appearance of the first species explain the message of the lake with the sea through the Lower Taimyra and changes of level of the world ocean in different historical periods. The presence of representatives of the Baikal ecosystem due to glacial periods, during which the hydrological regime of the region fluctuated with the formation of large glacial lakes in North Asia. The island of Taimyr are nesting grounds for migratory birds – the red-breasted goose, geese and other

Climate.

Lake Taimyr located in the severe North conditions of tundra and forest tundra. Here almost everywhere there is permafrost. In the area of lake Taimyr climate is slightly warmer than the other territory of the Peninsula. The average temperature throughout the year does not exceed -13,4 C in the warmest month July is +12,3 C. in Winter the region is characterized by persistent precipitation. While strong wind and plains prevent the formation of large snow layer. In summer, on the Peninsula of the sun is shining all day, shining with rays of the water surface of the lake. During this period, the lake becomes alive. In summer the lake is characterized by storm. Polar summer and Arctic winter to adjust their operations flora and fauna of the area. The plants grow faster, accelerating periodicaled. Chicks faster than in other climatic zones. All life is trying to pass through stages of development, during the short polar summer time. In the tundra, no germs, so warm-blooded organisms are easier to tolerate low temperatures. Ultraviolet rays, which are here in abundance, enhance the overall tone of organisms and at the same time, clean the air from germs. It is believed that in the summer in the tundra people will feel much better than usual climatic conditions.

Area: 735 km²
Maximum depth: 10 meters

Lake Pyasino – lake of glacial origin in Russia, in the South-West North-Siberian lowland in the Krasnoyarsk territory, approximately 20 km from Norilsk. Freezes at the beginning of October, opened from ice in late June – early July.

Physical features.

Flows from the lake only the Pyasina river, the main tributary, R. Norilsk, the latter can be considered upstream of the Pyasina river, which is in the North of modern lake podprugin range end moraines. Norilsk at the confluence of the lake forms a river Delta, part of which is also a river Barn. Other tributaries of the lake are not significant.

Bank of Pacino mostly flat, swampy places. The lake gathers the waters of large lakes Lama, Chum salmon and Deep in the mountains of the reserve. The lake is rich with fish, it meets brown trout 2 types and special types of Chir, called maccuhal.

Pasino is a lake, which is of glacier origin. It is situated in the southwestern part of the lowlands of the North-Siberian on the territory of Krasnoyarsk territory, approximately 20 kilometers from Norilsk in Russia.

Freezes the water reservoir at the beginning of October, and opened the ice at the end of June or in early July. From Pacino one follows the Pyasina river. Main tributary is the river of Norilsk, which is considered the upper reaches of the Pyasina river. This river in the Northern part of modern lake significantly podprugin moraine ridge end. The river at the confluence of the Norilsk in this lake forms the Delta of the river, part of which is the river Barn. Other tributaries of lake Pyasino are insignificant.

Bank of Pacino largely flat, in some places, swampy. The lake includes the waters of large rivers such as Salmon, Lama and Deep.

As already noted, Pyasino lake is located in the Northern part of Eastern Siberia. This pond occupies the bottom of the ancient glacial valley, which is partitioned in the Northern part of the shaft of moraines. The length of Pasino is 70 kilometers with a maximum width of 15 km. The total water area of 735 square kilometers with a catchment area of 24,000 square kilometers.

As noted, in this lake into numerous small rivers. The main tributaries of the pond is a small river Nerilka, pike, Samoyed and a Barn. Pacino are considered to be small reservoirs.

Basically the shores of lake flat, in some places they are swamped, but at the same time, with uenoi, and the Eastern side of the pond is surrounded by small hills covered with forests.

The power of Pacino rain and snow. Annual changes in the level of the surface can reach six and a half meters. In the lake Pyasino is full of fish. However, as already noted, in 20 kilometers from lake is located the town of Norilsk, which has a negative impact on the ecological purity of the water body.

Lake Pyasino is very attractive. It attracts a huge number of fishermen excellent facilities and delicious fish. however, however, to reach the lake is not so easy. This is the mystery of this reservoir. In the summer, access to the lake it is quite problematic to any transport. In winter time all the way hides a solid layer of snow. And what can you do? Any vehicle, getting to a huge lake Pyasino, will struggle to overcome the swampy approaches and are not always able to cross numerous unpredictable, in some places even dangerous, rivers and streams. Crossing of them are known only to a few.

If to speak about crossing the lake, it can be compared with exciting and unpredictable adventure. Lucky – unknown. The wire on this reservoir compared with many kind of lottery, where the rate may be a whole life. Smooth surface of the lake Pyasino very deceptive. In a matter of seconds water can turn into a nightmare for inexperienced sudogoda. Storms on Pacino has long been considered the parables of the town and killed a large number of ships and people. Among other things, the waterway to the lake is only possible for only several weeks. However, however, the scenery of lake Pyasino attract and are attracted by its beauty and unpredictability. Many nature of this area attracts everyone. For this reason many people want to see and to enjoy a truly wonderful and unique species, which cannot be seen anywhere. And for the fishermen, this lake is the gold, for the reason that there are a variety of fish species and abundant.