Football – the most popular and massive game sport in the world, the interest of fans to which sometimes simply staggering. According to statistics, almost 3 billion inhabitants of the planet are involved in football to some extent, and the mundial (from the Copa Mundial de Fútbol – World Cup) has long been a major sporting event of the fourth century. The world championship of the year for the first time in history is entrusted to Russia. About which cities will host the World Cup 2018 and how ready are the stadiums, read on.

List of cities

Initially, the list of cities that will host the matches of the football tournament, presumed 13 host cities. Subsequently, their number decreased to 11 – Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were excluded from the list of cities hosting the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

In the final version of the right to host the World Cup received the following cities in Russia:

• Moscow
• St. Petersburg
• Kazan
• Ekaterinburg
• Samara
• Saransk
• Sochi
• Rostov-na-Donu
• Kaliningrad
• Nizhny Novgorod
• Volgograd

The issue of preparing stadiums for the World Cup was difficult and financially expensive, since most of the Russian arenas by the beginning of the XXI century were morally outdated and did not meet the requirements of FIFA.

In the end, it was decided to build nine new stadiums in Russia and reconstruct three old ones. It is worth noting that All these stadiums after the completion of the work will fully meet all the necessary criteria. Here they are:

• “Luzhniki” (Moscow) by 81 thousand – reconstruction completed
•  “Spartak Stadium” (Moscow) for 45 thousand – construction completed in 2014
• “St. Petersburg Arena” for 67 thousand – construction completed in 2017
• “Kazan Arena” for 45 thousand – construction completed in 2013
• “Ekaterinburg Arena” for 35 thousand – construction completed in 2018
• “Samara Arena” for 45 thousand – construction completed
• “Mordovia Arena” (the city of Saransk) for 45 thousand – construction completed
• “Fisht” (Sochi city) by 44 thousand – reconstruction completed in 2017
• “Rostov Arena” for 45 thousand – construction completed
• “Arena Baltika” (Kaliningrad) by 35 thousand – construction completed
• “Stadium Nizhny Novgorod” for 45 thousand – construction completed
• “Volgograd Arena” for 45 thousand – the construction is completed.

The process of reconstruction of stadiums for the World Cup and the progress of construction causes increased interest from experts and ordinary fans. Therefore, we bring to your attention a brief overview of the readiness of each city and stadium, where the World Cup will be held in 2018.

 

Moscow

The capital of Russia received the unofficial status of the main city of the World Cup. The championship of the city on this issue among other Russian cities is beyond doubt.

Moscow is a city where on June 14, 2018, the ceremony and match of the opening of the World Cup in 2018 with the participation of the Russian national team will be held. There will also be a semifinal and final.

A total of 12 championship games will be held in two sports arenas of Moscow – in the reconstructed Luzhniki stadium and built by Spartak (better known to the general public as the Opening Arena).

On the stadiums of the city will be held matches teams of all groups of the preliminary stage of the tournament, in connection with which, Moscow expects a large influx of fans from across the world.

Stadium “Spartak” is ready in full – since 2014 here holds its home matches the same club.

Reconstruction of Luzhniki is completed. After the reconstruction, the stadium “Luzhniki” became one of the best in the world.

Stadiums are really made for fans.

World Cup schedule

In Moscow there will be 12 matches of the Championship, more than in other cities.
Date, time Stadium Match

 Group stage:

• 14 June, 18:00 Luzhniki Russia – Saudi Arabia
• 16 June, 16:00 Luzniki Argentina – Iceland
• 17 June, 18:00 Luzhniki Germany – Mexico
• 19 June, 18:00 Luzniki Poland – Senegal
• 20 June, 15:00 Luzniki Portugal Morocco
• 23 June, 15:00 Spartak Belgium – Tunisia
• 26 June, 17:00 Luzniki Denmark – France
• 27 June, 21:00 Spartak Serbia – Brazil

1/8

• 1 July, 17:00 Luzhniki
• 3 July, 21:00 Spartacus

1/2

• 11 July, 21:00 Luzhniki

The final

• July 15, 18:00 Luzhniki

 

Volgograd

In the historical place, at the foot of Mamayev Kurgan, a stadium for 45 thousand spectators was built.

Construction of the stadium has already been completed. April 21 was the first match here.

Schedule of matches

In Volgograd will be held only group matches World Cup 2018:

• 18 June, 21:00 Tunisia – England
• 22 June, 18:00 Nigeria – Iceland
• 25 June, 17:00 Saudi Arabia – Egypt
• 28 June, 17:00 Japan – Poland

 

Ekaterinburg

After the announcement of Ekaterinburg, as the city of the matches of the World Cup on football, the most heated disputes broke out. The fact is that, according to many experts, the construction of a new stadium in the capital of the Urals would have cost the authorities cheaper than the restructuring of the old stadium “Central”. However, the decision was made yet in favor of reconstruction.

Now the stadium is put into operation. April 15, the opening ceremony was held, games are already being held.

Schedule of matches

In Yekaterinburg will be held only four matches of the group stage of World Cup 2018.

• 15 June, 17:00 Egypt – Uruguay
• 21 June, 20:00 France – Peru
• 24 June, 20:00 Japan – Senegal
• June 27, 19:00 Mexico – Sweden

 

Kazan

City championship in terms of delivery of the object belongs to the capital of Tatarstan. Kazan, where 6 matches will take place at the World Cup before others, in 2013, put into operation a football stadium for 45 thousand spectators.

The readiness of the arena for the competitions is certain, which was once again confirmed during the four matches of the Confederations Cup of 2017, held at the highest level of the organization.

Schedule of matches

Group stage

• 16 June, 13:00 France – Australia
• 20 June, 21:00 Iran – Spain
• 24 June, 21:00 Poland – Colombia
• 27 June, 17:00 Korea – Germany

1/8

• 30 June, 17:00

1/4

• 6 July, 9pm

 

Kaliningrad

The stadium is built by analogy with the famous Munich “Alliance Arena”. The capacity was reduced from initially planned 45 thousand to 35 thousand spectators. Construction was accompanied by a number of scandals related to the work of contractors.

The stadium is being built on the October Island, which had not been used for construction for a long time. The stadium is fully built, the first match was held on April 12, 2018.

Schedule of matches

The following matches of the group stage will be held in Kaliningrad:

• 16 June, 21:00 Croatia – Nigeria
• 22 June, 20:00 Serbia to Switzerland
• 25 June, 20:00 Spain – Morocco
• 28 June, 20:00 England – Belgium

 

Nizhny Novgorod

In a picturesque place, near the confluence of the Oka River in the Volga, the construction of a stadium for 45 thousand in Nizhny Novgorod is being completed. Previously, this place was a wasteland. In parallel with the construction of the stadium, the necessary infrastructure is being prepared.

Construction work is in the final stages. The opening of the stadium and the first match took place on April 15, 2018.

Schedule of matches

Group stage

• 18 June, 15:00 Sweden – Rep. Korea
• 21 June, 21:00 Argentina – Croatia
• June 24, 15:00 England – Panama
• June 27, 21:00 Switzerland – Costa Rica

1/8

• 1 July, 9pm

1/4

• 6th July, 5pm

 

Rostov-na-Donu

By the 2018 World Cup in Rostov, a state-of-the-art stadium with 25,000 seats is being built. The stadium is located on the left bank of the Don near the rowing channel.

The stadium’s readiness for today is 100%. April 15 was the first match. The official opening will take place on May 13.

Schedule of matches

Group stage

• 17 June, 21:00 Brazil – Switzerland
• 20 June, 18:00 Uruguay – Saudi Arabia
• 23 June, 18:00 Resp. Korea-Mexico
• 26 June, 21:00 Iceland – Croatia

1/8

• 2 July, 9pm

 

Samara

But the construction of the stadium in Samara for the World Cup does not fit into the originally scheduled time – December 2017. Terms of commissioning the arena have already been postponed to 2018.

The constructed Samara stadium for World Cup 2018 is located in the highest point of Samara – near the village of Radio Center. Outwardly it looks like a spaceship and is designed for 45 thousand seats.

“Samara Arena” became the most recent stadium prepared for the tournament. Permission for commissioning was received on April 27, and the first test match was held the next day, April 28.

Schedule of matches

Group stage

• 17 June, 16:00 Costa Rica – Serbia
• 21 June, 16:00 Denmark – Australia
• June 25, 18:00 Uruguay – Russia
• June 28, 18:00 Senegal – Colombia

1/8

• 2 July, 18:00

1/4

• July 7, 18:00

 

St. Petersburg

Especially for the championship of the world in 2018 in the cultural capital of Russia on the site of the old stadium named after SM. Kirov built a state-of-the-art sports complex for 68 thousand spectators. Now their matches are held by the football club Zenit. The arena is ready completely.

In total, 7 matches of the football championship of 2018 will take place in St. Petersburg, including the match of the Russian national team at the group stage – June 19.

Schedule of matches

Group stage

• 15 June, 18:00 Morocco – Iran
• 19 June, 21:00 Russia – Egypt
• June 22, 15:00 Brazil – Costa Rica
• 26 June, 21:00 Nigeria – Argentina

1/8

• 3 July, 5 pm

1/2

• 10 July, 21:00

For the 3 rd place

• 14 July, 17:00

 

Saransk

When announcing which cities will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup matches in Russia, for many it was a great surprise that this right was granted to Saransk.

Indeed, the capital of Mordovia with a population of just over 300 thousand people was not originally a favorite in the fight for hosting mundialya matches. Nevertheless, unlike many Russian megacities, Saransk managed to get the status of the participant city of the World Cup 2018 in football.

At present, the arena is 100% ready. The first match will be held on April 21, 2018.

Schedule of matches

In Saransk will be only four games of the group stage of World Cup 2018.

• 16 June, 19:00 Peru – Denmark
• 19 June, 15:00 Colombia – Japan
• 25 June, 21:00 Iran – Portugal
• 28 June, 21:00 Panama – Tunisia

 

Sochi

Sochi has long acquired the status of a city where there is everything to hold the largest international competitions.

The construction of the “Fisht” arena was initially carried out not to the World Cup 2018, but to the XXII Winter Olympic Games. This arena, with a capacity of 44 thousand spectators is known throughout the world – it was here that the most spectacular, in the opinion of many, the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics took place.

After the Olympiad “Fisht” was reconstructed and reopened on March 10, 2017. In June 2017, the stadium hosted the Cup of the Confederation and once again confirmed its readiness to host the highest level of competition.

Schedule of matches

Group stage

• 15 June, 21:00 Portugal to Spain
• 18 June, 18:00 Belgium – Panama
• 23 June, 21:00 Germany – Sweden
• 26 June, 17:00 Australia – Peru

1/8

• June 30, 9:00 pm

1/4

• 7th July, 9 pm

 

In the end, we can say with confidence that all the cities and stadiums are fully prepared for the World Cup.

At present it is difficult to talk about what kind of weather waits for fans in Russia in late June – early July, says specialist of the weather center “Phobos” Alexander Sinenkov.
However, according to him, if we proceed from statistical observations of the weather during this period, then we can talk about the average value.

– The average daytime air temperature in June is 22 degrees, in July – 23 degrees. The night temperature is 12 and 14 degrees, respectively. If we talk about precipitation, then in June 11 (rainy) days, in July – 12.

Hazard for allergy sufferers

The end of June – the beginning of July – is the time when the grasses bloom, for example, timothy and fescue.
– Allergy sufferers who come to the championship should know that they will get into this period, – says the allergist doctor Valentina Gevorsieva. “But I think they themselves know what to do.” In any case, our doctors will help. Therefore, there are no problems here, nothing is worth to be afraid of.
According to her, the rainy weather at the time of the World Cup suffering from pollinosis will only be on hand.
– Of course, football can be prevented by rain, but it will kill dust and pollen, – the doctor noted.

Helpful Tips

Since the climate of the Russian capital is almost no different from the climate in Europe, there is no need to worry about acclimatization. However, there are things that you should pay attention to while visiting another country.
– When changing the time zones, there is usually insomnia. It’s not scary. If you can not sleep, then you need to ventilate the room or turn on the air conditioner for a while. Since the blood circulation slows down while falling asleep and the body temperature falls, then with the help of this maneuver you can deceive the body.
Disorder of the intestine. Russian cuisine likes to surprise, so the body will take some time to get used to the new food.
– Sweating is more typical for countries with hot climates, however, the body may take time to adjust to local weather. Also, because of the new climate, a runny nose and chills may occur. You should not worry, you can drink vitamin C.

What to take for the match

– We need a passport. We remind you that the stadium will not be missed without presenting an identity card.
– A raincoat should be taken depending on the circumstances. Although the capital’s stadiums, which will host matches open, fans will protect the canopies from possible weather. But after the match you will have to get home again.
– The decision to take a sweater with you should be taken based on the weather forecast. Before the match is worth checking it, so as not to load yourself with unnecessary things.

Small rivers have an important natural and economic importance, so their study is relevant. The purpose of the article is to study underground nutrition in the basin of the river. Mesh. The object of study is the pool itself, and the subject is the underground feeding of the rivers in this basin.

The history of knowledge of groundwater probably lasts for as many years as there is a conscious person. Almost from the beginning, the origin of ideas about their origin expressed a variety of views on the nature of water in the bowels. To date, there are the following theories: infiltration, condensation, juvenile, sedimentation and anthropogenic. Underground waters are classified according to a variety of characteristics, but four main groups can be distinguished: physical (temperature, organoleptic, pressure, phase state), chemical, genetic, hydrogeological or general geological (segregate formation and fissure-vein types of water, as well as waters of special forms departments of these types) [1,2,3].

The process of groundwater entering surface waterways and reservoirs is commonly called the general term underground feeding of rivers. To the category of “groundwater” by the form of water in the soil-soil is “the retaining free gravitational moisture of the aquifer”. The relationship between groundwater and surface water is characterized by two opposite processes: underground feeding of surface waterways and reservoirs and underground losses of river waters to subsurface water. Both these processes in river basins proceed in a complex combination over the catchment area and in time. Geological structure, lithological composition, climatic factors, soil cover, vegetation are all factors that influence the surface and underground component of river flow [8,9].

The article studies underground nutrition in the Mesha river basin, the right tributary of the Kama, located in the Kukmorsk, Sabinsky, Tyulyachin, Pestrechinsk, and Laishevsky municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. The basis of the geological structure of the Meshi basin is the ancient rocks of the Kazan and Tatar stages of the Permian system and the Quaternary breed. The Meshi catchment area is a hilly plain, divided by valleys of numerous tributaries, gullies and ravines, sharply asymmetric in shape with a general slope of the surface to the south-west. The total drop in the catchment area is 82 m, the average gradient is 0.4 ‰, the average height is 140-160 m, the average width is almost 20-21 km. The Meshi basin is located in the temperate continental climate zone and is characterized by cold winters (average January temperature -13˚С) and warm summers (July average temperature + 19˚С). the predominant soils are forest (light gray, gray, dark gray and brown-gray soils of podzolic type) and sod-podzolic, and the vegetation of the basin is represented by dark coniferous-broad-leaved forests, agricultural lands in the place of deciduous forests and floodplain meadows. Mesha is a typically flat river with mixed food, the drainage of which is formed by an underground tributary, meltwater and rainfall, the river receives 46 tributaries. For the hydrological regime of Meshi, two periods are characteristic: intergalactic (late May – early June and early November) and high water (70-80% of annual runoff), continuous ice cover is set at the end of November.

The difficulty of studying the underground feeding of small rivers is due to the insufficient study of the water regime of small rivers and the large extent of small river systems located in a variety of physical and geographical conditions. In this regard, many ways of studying underground feeding of rivers have been proposed. Among the hydrologists, the hydrological method, consisting in the dismemberment of the hydrograph by types of feeding, will spread. The minimum flowrate is taken according to the steady [10] or minimum winter consumption [7] or the same flow of the dry year [5] and consider this value to be uniform throughout the year. However, as it turned out, the minimum flow on the hydrograph will not always reflect the true value of the underground supply of the river – the hydrological method gives a very approximate picture and is not suitable for judging the true value of underground power. The next method is hydrogeological, BI Biashev played an important role in his development. Kudelin, who proposed a method by which the value of underground power is determined by increasing the flow rate of the river in the area between two gauging stations [4]. But this method was also not perfect, since it is impossible to establish a unified nature of underground feeding, based on observations of a few wells due to the different ratio of river and groundwater and the variety of hydrogeological conditions. The most suitable method turned out to be the hydrometric method, which consists in determining the increment between water discharges, which are measured at unchanged horizons in two gauging stations, taking into account the flow of all tributaries and springs, hydraulically with the river unrelated, which are located between the two sections [6, 11] .

Hydrometric work in the Mesh River basin was carried out in order to clarify the distribution of the low-cost water discharge and their modules along the river basin network and the intensity of underground feeding. 36 expenditures were measured (6 on Meshe, 30 on inflows of different orders). To avoid various errors that arise during the measurement, graphs of the change in water flow along the river are constructed, which are the main document that allows obtaining the value of water discharge at any point in the basin (Fig. 1). The graphically averaged water discharge, taken from the graphs, becomes the basis for the change in the measured water flow along the river.

Fig.1. The graph of the change in water flow along the length of the river. Kysa

To compare the availability of underground power for different sites and different rivers, the modules of underground power are determined. For tributaries, they are determined by the ratio of the private watersheds to the ratio of the measured wellhead to the catchment catchment area, for private watersheds to the ratio of the water flow increment for the given site (removed from the graph) to the increment in the catchment area of the same site (Table 1).

Table 1. Fragment of calculations of the module of an underground feed

 

 

 

 

 

Based on the calculations, a map of the intensity of the underground supply is drawn up, showing an extremely uneven distribution of its numerical values. But each value can be explained with the help of an analysis of the geological-tectonic structure of the territory and the hydro-geological conditions of river feeding (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Intensity of underground food in the basin of the river. Mesh

If the river cuts a positive structure in the aquifer supply area, but does not open them, the river runoff is expended on groundwater feeding. If this occurs in the unloading area, then when the aquifers are opened, an abnormally high underground supply is observed. To the interstructural saddles, for example, are sites with increased underground feeding, since there is an inflow of groundwater from a vast underground catchment area or the flow of pressure water through a fractured zone of depression.

A significant role belongs also to tectonics and lithological composition of rocks – a slight drop in the roof of the Lower Kazan deposits from the north to the south ensures a uniform supply of groundwater to the tributaries, however, separate uplifts and depressions create a local redistribution of the ground flow. In the upper course of the areas where the channel is confined to a tectonic trough, Mesha receives ground nutrition at a rate of 1.5 l ∙ sec / km2.

On the meridional current section, on the right slope, the river flows along the local tectonic slope, the slope of the stratigraphic horizons of which is directed from it – this is what facilitates the drainage of groundwater from the channel and, accordingly, the reduction of the underground power modules to zero. In addition, the p. Nyrsa, passing through the zone of discharge of groundwater into the channel of Meshi. But in the basin of the rivers Nurminka and Tymty-Bash, the water content increases to 3 liters / sec / km2 – the extensive uplift in their interfluves causes a deviation from the total ground flow. (2 l • sec / km2) It should be noted that for the upper stream of the river. Nurminka and its right tributary r. Kobyakovka is also characterized by a fairly high groundwater supply (2 l ∙ sec / km2), which is associated with the confinement of this part of the river network to tectonic depressions.

The value of the water content of the river network is affected by the frequent discrepancy between the surface and underground watersheds. For example, the runoff of the eastern and western Ushni rivers located in the redistribution of the Kurkachinsky uplift is formed by numerous sources of pressure water associated with the aquifers of the Lower Kazan deposits and is characterized by the magnitude of the underground feeding modules up to 2-3 l ∙ sec / km2.

In the lower reaches of Mesha, where sandy-argillaceous deposits are developed, cultivated by agricultural production, the infiltration properties of soils and, as a consequence, the loss of thawed runoff to groundwater feeds increase. In spite of the fact that underground power modules do not exceed 2 l ∙ sec / km2 here, their value can decrease drastically in the time-consuming periods.

Thus, it can be said that the value of underground food is a complex indicator, changing its value depending on many factors, the most significant of which are tectonics and lithological composition of rocks, relief, and the discrepancy between the surface and underground watersheds.

 

The city of Orel, which arose at the confluence of two rivers – Oka and Orlik – is similar to many other cities in Russia that grew up on the site of ancient fortresses. Now the city is associated with the names of famous figures of literature: Leskov, Turgenev, Bunin, Andreev. Founded in 1556, the city, according to legend, received a name from the bird of the same name. A majestic figure of a feathered man, he meets the guests at the railway station building, spreading his wings wide. About this sculpture and other noteworthy objects – in our selection of the most important places of the city.

Eagle sculpture at the railway station.

An impressive four-meter bronze figure of an eagle is set in front of the entrance to the railway station. The statue is served by a ball – a symbolic image of the Earth with a detailed reconstruction of the continents. Also, on the pedestal there is an inscription – the 450th anniversary of the city of Orel. This sculptural figure of a bird became a gift for the anniversary of the city from the famous businessman Nikolai Greshilov in 2016. Earlier, on this place towered eagle from the branches, which is now at the entrance to the 909th quarter of the city. According to legend, the city “Orel” received the name of the same-named bird. It was seen by the builders of the city, when they were going to cut down the oak, on the site of the future city.

A Monument To Alexei Petrovich Ermolov

The monument to the hero of Patriotic war of 1812, General Alexei Petrovich Ermolov was opened in the same square in 2012. Funds went from charitable donations. The price of the monument installation is equal to more than ten million rubles. Alexey Petrovich Yermolov come from an impoverished noble family, for life has received a number of awards, was respected in the army and society. A monument depicting the episode of the battle of Borodino, when the famous General in charge of the army attacked the enemy troops. By personal example he showed courage and determination in fighting for the Motherland. The famous sculptor R. Yusupov it was constructed on the model of the bronze horseman in St. Petersburg. The General’s face was created based on the portrait of the English artist D. Dou.

Monument To Nikolai Semenovich Leskov

In a small Park, a sculpture by the talented writer N. With. Leskov. His pedestal is surrounded by small sculptures representing heroes manuscripts. Here is Katya Ismailova, a Lefty, Gypsy Grushenka. The authors of the sculptures were Y. G. and Y. Y. Walnut, A. V. Stepanov and V. A. St. Petersburg. N. With. Leskov born in the Oryol province was not just a writer. During his life he traveled a lot and seen many. His observations were embodied in beautiful works that left an invaluable legacy for posterity of the life and culture of the time.

Shopping Rows

Premises for shops, built in the XIX – early XX centuries, erected on the site of repeatedly burned shops. The first guest yard was built here in the 16th-17th centuries. He consisted simply of huts, in which food was sold. In the XVII century, a wooden hut was built, it included a customs house, a bathhouse, a guest yard, a tavern (Kruzhechny Dvor). After another fire, a stone building with a gallery was erected. It housed a large variety of shops: Glass, Sugar, Iron, Milk. After the last fire, the shopping arcades were rebuilt in the 19th – early 20th centuries by the means of merchants and became the shopping center of the city. Such eminent representatives of the trade as the Kalashnikovs, Rusanovs, Domogatsky, Bukhvostovs and others represented their goods here to buyers in numerous shops. After the destruction of the Great Patriotic War, the trading rows were again restored, the building was completed on the third floor. Now it houses the regional museum of local lore and the central city library. A.S. Pushkin. Other premises are occupied by shops, various institutions and organizations.

Tankman square

Square tankers – a park dedicated to the heroism of soldiers and the memory of their services. Here there are meetings and meetings of veterans. In ancient times, the square was called the Ilinskaya Square, on this place were located shopping arcades and public executions were carried out. On the first day of May 1920, a public garden was organized here, which was named “Pervomaisky”. Occupied by the enemy, during the Great Patriotic War, the Orel was liberated from the invaders on August 5, 1943. During the battle, many Soviet soldiers were killed. They were buried in the very center of the city, in the park “Pervomaisky”. To honor the memory of the dead put the tank T-70. Subsequently, he was raised on a pedestal, the Eternal Fire was lit nearby, and the square was rebuilt. The monument itself was taken from the depths of the park and replaced by a model on the T-34, which took part in the victorious battles of the armored forces. On the communal grave there is a granite monolith with inscribed names of the dead. Steles were put up with a battle map on the Orel-Kursk Bulge and an order for the Salute of Victory in honor of the liberation of the city of Orel.

Square Noble’s Nest

“The noble nest” landscape and literary-historical reserve. Repeatedly mentioned him in their works writers: I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Bunin and N. With. Leskov. Thanks to the initiative of the Oryol society of fine arts in 1903 it was converted into a garden. For skiing on the river, built a pier. Among the green trees held musical evenings, the plays of. 1967 was marked by the program for improvement of gardens, installation of a rotunda and a bust of I. S. Turgenev. Also, the Park is a wooden house of the XIX, which are referred to as “House Kalitenya” of works by J. S. Turgenev’s. In 1987, the Park became a protected zone. In 1993, set stele with an inscription indicating that the square is a monument and taken under protection as a national treasure.

Epiphany Cathedral

The first building of the Epiphany Cathedral dates from the middle of the 17th century. True, it was wooden. According to the decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, at that time there was an intensive restoration of the city of Orel after its burning by the Poles and Lithuanians. Due to the fire of 1630, the church and the monastery burned with her. The monastery was moved higher along the Oka River, and the church was built a new one, stone in the style of the Naryshkin Baroque. In the years to come, the future cathedral suffered many different changes:

• In 1837 the temple underwent a serious restructuring. The space of the church was expanded, and elements of classicism were added to the original baroque appearance. Perhaps, thanks to the mixture of styles in one building, the Epiphany Cathedral could stand in anti-religious campaigns and was registered as an object of cultural value. He remained active until 1963.
• In 1964, the temple is open puppet theatre. If you remove the crosses painted on the walls chinked with plaster, the ceiling is covered with planks.
• Only in 1994 the Epiphany Cathedral was returned to the Church. Few decades continued restoration, was opened to the paintings on the walls, built the bell tower.

In the cathedral is kept the icon of “Joy of All Who Sorrow” – the main shrine for the parishioners. The time of the icon’s appearance dates back to the 17th century. One of the versions tells that this and other icons were moved to the temple, on the advice of the townspeople, from the Gostiny Dvor, shortly before there was a fire. During the anti-religious persecution, the icon was kept by the citizens. She was several times tried to kidnap, and kidnapped in 2004. But the collector, who bought the icon from the thief, returned it to the temple.

Temple of the Iberian Icon of the Mother of God

The Temple of the Iberian Icon of the Mother of God was erected in 1902 in honor of the coronation of Nicholas II for railway workers. In Orel it is the youngest, and it is the only one preserved in the Neo-Russian style. They built the church in just three years to collect money from railwaymen, merchants and ordinary citizens. Tsar Nicholas II also contributed – 1000 rubles. The main shrine of the temple was the icon of the Iberian Mother of God – a copy of the Voskresensky gate in Moscow.

In the 20-ies of XX century the Church was closed. During the war greatly destroyed by bombing. After closing it was used as a railway building for schools, kindergarten, shop. Only in 1990 began an active restoration of the temple. Now in the Church there is a baptistery for adults, rooms for Sunday school classes and libraries.

Lenin street

Lenin Street had different names: Bolshaya Dvoryanskaya, Bolshaya Bolkhovskaya and others. Initially, it was laid on the site of the forest. The name of the street is Bolkhovskaya, in the direction of the road, to the town of Bolhov. On the city plan of 1779, the street was marked as the main one. After the Orel became a provincial town, Bolshoy Bolhovskaya Street was actively built up mainly by stone buildings. It became a place of concentration of trade, here were placed provincial institutions. According to the tradition of that time, they built houses in the style of classicism. In 1823, Bolhovskaya Street acquired a stone pavement, the building of the Noble Assembly. In the XIX century it was longer in length than the modern one. Representatives of the city nobility settled along the street, the richest merchants opened their own shops and hotels. On the street there were often fires, because of which several houses burned at once. The main stages of the subsequent transformations of the city:

• In the XIX century, the first tram carrying passengers in Bolhovskoy street, and here was electricity. Here was opened the first cinema and the photo Studio, stores with lighting and large Windows. Buildings in the Baroque style gradually replaced the houses built in art Nouveau style.
• The twentieth century brought changes to the life of the street. She became the center of revolutionary events and in 1919 was renamed in honor of Lenin. During the great Patriotic War street suffered considerable damage. In time of peace was the beginning of her recovery. However, without a focus on original appearance. So, instead of St. George Church was built cinema “Victory”.
• In 1973, in connection with the plan for the improvement of the city, tram tracks were dismantled from Lenin Street. Now it is only for hiking.
• In the 21st century, many buildings in Lenin Street underwent reconstruction, lawns and flower beds appeared. Annually here organize holidays, fairs, celebrations.

State nature reserve with the lyrical name of “Belogorie” was created in 1999 and consists of five separate parcels, so-called clusters that are located in Borisov, Gubkinsky and Novy Oskol district of the Belgorod region.The total area of the protected area is 2131 hectares. Created on the basis of the reserve “forest on the Vorskla”, which existed from 1922 until 1951, when it was turned into a training and experimental forestry. In 1979 “forest on the Vorskla” again received the status of reserve, and in 1995, its membership was transferred plot “Otraslevye Yary”. In 1999 to it was annexed a few areas.

In the reserve “Belogorye” includes 5 sites located in three districts of the Belgorod region:

• – Land area “forest on the Vorskla” (Borisov district)
• – Land area “Otraslevye Yary” (Borisov district)
• – Land area “Wall-Izhora” (Novooskol’skiy rayon)
• – Land area “Yamskaya step” (Gubkinsky district)
• – Land area “Bald mountain” (Gubkinsky district)

“forest on the Vorskla”

Forest on the river Vorskla is one of the oldest of specially protected natural territories of Russia. The preservation of the centuries old highland oak forests of the Vorskla river began in 1640 with the establishment of Hotmassage plot Belgorod defensive features ( defensive line ) to protect the southern borders of the state from the Tatar and Nogai raids. (The impenetrable forest has created additional obstacles for the enemy).

The plot of “forest on the Vorskla” is a hill of oaks, located on the right Bank of the river Vorskla. On three sides it is bounded by rivers: to the South and East – Vorskla from the West – Gotnya (a tributary of the Vorskla) with the influx of Loknya. On the territory of the Central Chernozem region it is the only extant Staromonetny oak forest. Some of the oak trees reach the age of 300-350 years. Of the dominant tree species are pedunculate oak, common ash, Norway maple, small-leaved lime, aspen, wild Apple and pear.

In the forest is found up to a hundred species of birds, including black kite, booted eagle, grey owl, and others. Of animals, numerous wild boar and ROE. Predators can meet a Fox, a raccoon dog, Fox, badger, weasel, stone marten. Normal yavleniem is considered hare. There are many rodents.

Almost the entire section the only source of water supply serve as precipitation, since the water table at a depth of 25-30 meters.

On-site, which is directly adjacent to the valley of the river Vorskla, dominated by the different steepness of slopes, gullies, locals call them “Yary”. The longest and deepest of them – Vervaco Yar.

“Otraslevye Yary”

Ostroslovy ravines are a network of ravines and gorges, with a length of about three km. and a width of 200-800 meters included in the system of ravines of the river basin of the Dormitory. The absolute height of 200-250 meters above sea level. The slopes of the beams have a slope of 45 degrees. The site belongs to the Dnieper basin. There at the bottom of the beam is small ( 6 ha) of the swamp formed as a result of runoff of precipitation. Here takije shallow ground water table

Fauna typical of the landscape of the steppe zone. Despite the small size of the site there are 362 species of plants: feather hair stone, fescue, agalawatta bahatostebelni, meadow and the humble sages, positively and rod Astragalus, sanguisorba officinalis, flax Ukrainian, etc. Also observed and 35 species of plants, quite rare for the forest-steppe zone.

Of the animals there are: wild boar, Fox, ROE deer, badger, hare, hedgehog, black, weasel, common mole rat, field mouse, jeltocorna and forest. Birds nest: quail, gray partridge, black-headed Shrike, common Buzzard, meadow Pipit, red-footed Falcon, long-eared owl. In birchem forest inhabited by rare species of arthropods – Krawczyk, Reshetova belyanka, the steppe Bumble bee, South Russian tarantula, Mnemosyne, etc. Of reptiles and amphibians seen: red-bellied fire-bellied toad, common spadefoot toad, common newt, gray and green toad, moor and marsh frog, grass snake, sand lizard, grass snake.

“Wall – Izhora”

The plot of “Wall-Izhora” located on the left Bank of the Oskol river, some 9 kilometres South-West of Novy Oskol. Transferred this site to the nature reserve “Belogorie” in 1999 from the state Central-Chernozem biosphere reserve named after Professor V. V. Alekhin. The total area of 267 hectares. land belongs to the don basin and is in close proximity to the Oskol river, occupying the river slopes and riparian area. The slope of the indented beams between them – mimoletnye narrow ridges, covered with eroded carbonate soils. The absolute level 100-193 meters above sea level. The main property of the plot of “Wall-Izhora” is a relict Cretaceous pine, the average age of Mature trees is about 200 years.

“Yamskaya steppe”

The plot of “Yamskaya steppe” is located on the watershed of the rivers Oskol and Seversky Donets, in 12 km South-West from the town of Gubkin. He transferred to the reserve “Belogorie” from the Central-Chernozem state natural biosphere reserve named after Professor V. V. Alekhine. Area of 556 hectares.

The main asset – the soil: yamskiye black earth have no equal in Europe for the supply of nutrients, the thickness of the humus layer reaches 1 meter or more. Natural landscapes are so typical for the steppes that serve as a benchmark and are of great scientific interest. It is the only such “typical” steppe. And these are not empty words. Yamskaya steppe is the epitome of steppe ecosystems of Eurasia (marked by the diploma of the Council of Europe), the world’s only major upland massif typical zonal virgin feather-grass meadow steppes on typical Chernozem powerful, sample meadow steppe transitional from the southern variant of the Northern to the more southern forb feather grass steppes.

“Bald mountains”

The plot of “Bald mountain” is located in the upper reaches of one of the right tributaries of the Oskol river, 3 kilometers South-West of the city of Gubkin. Land reserve “Belogorie” in 1999, the state Central-Chernozem biosphere reserve of them. Professor V. V. Alekhine. The total area of 170 hectares.

The plot is particularly interesting because it continues an active process of morphogenesis. Bald Mountain is washed by waters of the last glaciation in the area of Cretaceous outcrops with a predominance of slope type of terrain. Outliers-mane extended in the direction from North-East to North-West and from West to East to the valley of the Unnamed stream in the bottom of the beam.

---

Office address reserve: 309350, Belgorod region, Borisovsky district, settlement of Borisovka-2

Natural State Reserve Kologrivski forest located in the Kostroma region. Its total area is 58 939.6 hectares. The reserve was established in 2006 on 21 January.
On conservation area dominated temperate continental climate with an average annual temperature of + 1,5 ° C.

The flora of the reserve Kologrivski forest has about 322 species of vascular plants. In general, the flora typical of the Kostroma region. The reserve is located in a vast area of the border between the fauna of deciduous, mixed and boreal forests of the taiga. Sleek flat terrain with little height difference and the relatively small steep slopes of interfluves favorable for burrowing animals.

In the reserve there are small forest river and there are no large lakes and rivers, which causes a significant density of animals whose lives are directly related to water bodies – is, first of all, otter, mink, beaver.

Fauna is represented by 1 species of cyclostomes, 20 species of fish, 5 – amphibians, 172 – birds, 5 – reptiles, 60 – mammals. In local waters is found ordinary pike, grayling European perch plain, ordinary roach, common bream. In the woods you can see the snake and viper – these types are represented reptiles.

The richness and diversity of species differs avifauna Kologrivski reserve forest. So, here are the following types of live birds: the woodpecker (small mottled, white-backed, gray-haired), a common siskin, chickadee, owl, oatmeal, hawk, owl, cuckoo deaf, green warbler, nutcracker, redpoll, nuthatch pika vulgaris, crossbill-elovik, black woodpecker, goldfinch, crows, pygmy owl, eagle owl.

Typical representatives of mammals – wolverine, hamster, muskrat, fox, wolf, brown bear, moose, squirrel, hare, Daubenton’s bat, Common noctule, long-eared bat, Whiskered bat, Pond bat, elk, wild boar, and others.

Contact information:
Address: 157440, Russia, Kostroma Oblast, Kologriv st. Central, Building 1A

Mordovia State Natural Reserve is located in the territory of the Republic of Mordovia, in Temnikovsky District. Reserve with a total area of 32 148 hectares, was organized March 5, 1936.

On reserved territory dominated forest steppe type of climate. On average, the thermometer rises to 4 ° C with a “plus”. The lowest temperatures are observed in January (-11,5 … -12,3 ° C), high – in July (18,9 … 19,8 ° C). The local climate is influenced by air masses of three types: tropical, temperate and arctic latitudes. Observed marine and continental air masses.

Arctic air from the north, leading to a sharp drop in the temperature of the air in autumn and spring it causes the return frost and cold. Southeasterly winds are directly related to dry periods in the reserved lands. Every year on the territory of Mordovia Reserve falls about 480 mm of precipitation.

The hydrographic chain is formed by rivers and Moksha and Satis, as well as tributaries Vyaz-Pushta, Black, Pusta. There are lakes, which are typical floodplain oxbow lakes. The terrain is undulating plains: the nature reserve is located on the Oka-don plain.

Mordovia natural reserve and its flora and fauna.

Most of Mordovia Reserve (96%) is covered with forest, half of these areas is covered with pine forests, found mainly on sandy soils. In the Eastern and Western parts dominated by birch forests. Mainly in the central and western parts of concentrated lime wood. Throughout the territory of the reserve common aspen stands.

Fauna of Mordovia Reserve has high species diversity. Thus, the local fauna includes 60 species of mammals, 10 – amphibians, 32 – fish, 215 – birds, 6 – reptiles, 1500 – insects. Among the rare and protected species include several species of deer, moose, beaver, black stork, muskrat, white-tailed eagle, imperial eagle, serpent eagle, greater spotted eagle, golden eagle, saker falcon, owl, little bustard, osprey, peregrine falcon, and others.

Contact information:
Federal State Institution “Mordovia State Natural Reserve named P.G. Smidovich”
Address: 431230, Republic of Mordovia, Temnikovsky District, village Pusta

State Reserve “Pinezhsky» ─ is a specially protected natural area in the Arkhangelsk region of federal significance. Pinezhsky Reserve was founded in 1974 with the aim of maintaining and preserving the taiga ecosystem, the study of rare karst formations, unique plants and animals. The total area of ​​the reserve ─ 51,5 thousand. Hectares.

The climate of the Nature Reserve is characterized by its membership in the Atlantic-Arctic climatic region of the temperate zone. Winters are cold and summers are not hot. The average temperature of the year is -0,2 ° C. The frost-free period may last for 85-95 days. Average snow depth reaches 45 cm.

Most of the territory is covered by forests Pinezhsky reserve. The most common spruce, pine and larch. Cutting down overgrown with birch. Especially popular among researchers Reserve enjoys Ships larch grove, located near the river Weaving. Age of the grove reaches 200-300 years.

Flora and fauna reserve “Pinezhsky”.

The flora of the reserve is 40 species of edible mushrooms, 505 ─ vascular plants, 133 ─ lichens, 245 ─ bryophytes. Among vascular plants, the most widespread forest species, as well as Arctic, Arctic-Alpine and hypoesthesia species. The share of relict and endemic plants, accounting for 27 % of the flora of the reserve. A large part of the relics are calciphile. These include dryads (vassilopita and point), willow net Zyryanka Alpine, Alpine bearberry, etc. And such plants as violet amazing and hen Haller, are relics of the period of warming. Average Pinezhye ─ the richest on the relics of the territory of the European North. There are also plants listed in the Red Book of Russia: orchids (nadborodnik leafless, this lady’s slipper, Dactylorhiza Traunshteynera); 2 species of lichens (brioriya Fremont and Lobar pulmonary); 3 species of fungi (rogatik a stamp, osinovik white, blackberries staghorn).

Typical types of forest mammals here include squirrels, roll, lynx, brown bear, otter, moose, marten. Among the birds are common boreal owl, hazel grouse, black woodpecker, goshawk. On the river to spawn Sotq grayling, salmon, whitefish and perch and pike. Area of ​​the reserve also became a place of growing 284 species afilloforovye fungi.

Contact Information:
Location: Russia, Arkhangelsk region, p. Pinyega str. Day, d. 12

Moscow Tsaritsyno Estate Museum is located in the southern part of the capital and is a specially protected areas. This is one of the most mysterious and beautiful places in Moscow, which includes a huge landscaped park, scenic Tsaritsyno ponds and magnificent palace and park ensemble. It is the largest museum-reserve in Moscow, with an area of ​​550 hectares.

History of the Museum-Reserve Tsaritsyno.

In 1984, on the lands of the Tsaritsyno Park was organized by the State Museum of Applied Arts of the USSR. Built ensemble Tsaritsyno actively restored in the 80s, and in 1993 he was awarded the status of the Museum-Reserve, which soon entered the list of historical and cultural monuments of federal significance. Second Cavalry Corps was the place where in 1994 the first exhibition was presented. In 1996 he opened the Middle Palace (Opera House) and the Petit Palais. In subsequent years, were restored and other buildings of the ensemble. In 2005, the Tsaritsyno palace complex became the property of the city, it was then that a group of landscape architects, headed by M.R. Morina, began restoration work. Were restored pavilions and buildings recreated dams and ponds, established garden sculpture, as well as open in the capital of the largest light-dynamic fountain. In September 2007, opened after reconstruction Big Tsaritsyno Palace, which today is a museum and exhibition center. Currently, work is continuing on the improvement.

Tsaritsyno: manor and park.

Construction of the estate began in 1775, when Catherine II commissioned the architect V.I. Bazhenov built near Moscow, in the estate “black mud”, the royal residence, which soon became known as the Tsaritsyno. Architect departed from the classical style, and built a single composition, the hallmark of which was a picturesque asymmetry of different buildings. As soon as the royal court moved to St. Petersburg, the money allocated for the creation of the estate stopped, significantly slowed the process of construction. Palace housing estates built by Bazhenov, began to deteriorate.

Ten years have passed, and Catherine commissioned the construction of the Palace M. Kazakov. The Palace of the Governor-Sergei Bozhenov was destroyed, but Kazakov retained much of its project, which created a kind of “compromise” option, which combines the classic space-planning structure of a Palace and Gothic decoration. Today analog Tsaritsyno palace does not exist – it is the only one in the palace complex in Europe, built in the style of “Russian Gothic” or “pseudo”. However, Catherine’s dream never to be fulfilled: the palace of her life was not built until the end. In 1797, after her death, the construction stopped. Only in the 21st century ensemble itself Palace have been restored.

V.I. Bazhenov also worked on the creation of the Small Palace and the Opera House. Small Palace is the smallest of the three imperial palaces. It is called the semi-circular, because it is located on top of a small semi-circular area. Middle Palace is between the Curly gate and the Small Palace that lead into the Park. The Opera house it was called in 1804, when did the idea of making it musical evenings and concerts. Bread yard, also known as the Kitchen building was used for storage of products. Rooms for servants, pantries and kitchens were supposed to be here. Its construction began in 1784, however, has not been completed.

Until now remained gallery Milovic with columns of the Tuscan order. It was built by the architect IV Gotovim in 1804. A year later he erected a Temple of Ceres (the Golden sheaf) – eight-columned gazebo in the center of which stands the statue of Ceres, Roman goddess of fertility. Mermaid gates installed on the southern island of Tsaritsyn upper pond. From there, a stunning view of the pavilion Nerastankino also built Egotov. The Church Mother Of God dates back to the year 1722, it was built on the site of a wooden Church. Separately located baptismal hut.

Amazing landscape park early 19th century stretched near the palace ensemble. The largest in the capital of a cascade of ponds form Tsaritsyn, Borisov and Shipilovsky ponds. Operates stables. Sports facilities, rings, ropes, horizontal bars and slides are available on the other side of the pond. In addition, the park has a boat station, benches and footpaths.

Museum-Reserve Tsaritsyno.

Grand Palace – the main building of the complex Tsaritsyn. It permanent exposition, which tells the story of the Tsaritsyno park and manor houses, archaeological finds discovered in the complex, as well as the Empress Catherine II. Confectionary art works are presented in the Bread House – they mimic dishes imperial era. Are frequent concerts of various musical groups, which are held in the atrium of the Bread House. Tsaritsyno Estate Museum is engaged in educational and research activities. Educational sessions are available for students of middle and younger can join the Cavalry School.
The museum Tsaritsyno is not only beautiful buildings and parks with a rich history, but also a favorite vacation spot guests and Muscovites themselves.