The idea of ​​creating an open-air museum arose in the 1960s, shortly after the organization of the Institute of the History of Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the absence of areas, the first exhibits were taken to the courtyard of the cottage on the street. Zolotodolinskaya, 32, where the academician A.P. Okladnikov. The storage and temporary exposition of the future museum were organized here, which enjoyed great popularity among residents and guests of the Academgorodok. The first architectural object was the bell tower of the church from the polar city of Zashiversk, brought to Akademgorodok in 1969 as a result of the expedition of the Institute. In 1971 the church itself was transported. To store these objects, the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences singled out part of the experimental field on which two storage barns were built.

Only in 1981 the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR decided to allocate a site for the museum in the open air. In the autumn of the same year, A.P. Okladnikov organized the transportation of all archaeological objects to the allotted territory. Such haste was connected with the threat of land grabbing by summer residents for unauthorized building, and, in essence, the first exposition of archaeological monuments of the museum was formed.
The area of ​​the museum is 46.5 hectares. There are several recreational zones, archaeological, ethnographic, architectural monuments, an experimental site, an administrative building in which one of the expositions is located.

In the area of ​​architectural monuments, the central exhibit is a masterpiece of Russian wooden architecture, the Church of the Savior of the Holy Face from Zashiwerski Ostrog, built in 1700 by the philistine Andrei Khabarov. The monument was donated to the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR by the government of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and was transported on the initiative of Academician A.P. Okladnikova from the banks of the river. Indigirki. It is a historical and cultural object of federal significance.

On the territory of the museum, the Yuil (Kazym) jail from the Lower Ob region is partly exhibited – a monument to the era of the development of Siberia by the Russian population. The third architectural object is the peasant household of Russian Eastern Siberia.

A zone of archaeological monuments is distinguished, in which stone steles and statues of various epochs from the Paleolithic to the Middle Ages are represented. There is also a polygon with reconstructions of tools and devices for catching animals and hunting. The ethnographic zone is a reconstruction of the Mansi family shrine.
In 2012, after the construction of the administrative building on the second floor, an exposition dedicated to the culture of the Slavic population of Siberia was launched. The commissioning of the administrative building allowed conducting master classes and mass events. In 2013 the “Shrovetide” was organized; several services passed through the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands, which caused a positive resonance among the residents of the Academgorodok. Such use of architectural monuments increases their importance and relevance:
Every year, an open-air museum is visited by about a thousand people.

The natural park “Ust-Viluisky” was organized on May 15, 1997 № 196 by the Decree of the Government of the RS (Y). The nature park is a state nature conservation institution. It is located in Kobiai ulus.
Total area: 1 016 000 ha.

The nature of the park, due to the diversity of the landscape, is exceptionally picturesque, the animal and plant world is rich and diverse. The landscape of the park is divided into two main parts: the western part – the plain-flood plain, the eastern – the mountain, which constitutes the main part. These ridges are Taginjansky, Muosuchansky, Vygynsky, Buruolakhsky, Kuturginsky and Ust-Viluisky with altitudes from 998 to 2084 m. The ridges, stretched in the meridional direction in the form of separate folds, are loach tundra with smoothed slopes and peaks.

The main watercourses of the park are r. Lena and her right tributaries – Dyanyshka and Lyapiska. The Lena River within a park stretching for about 70 km flows in a north-western direction. The width of the valley varies from 25 to 50 km.
The Lyapiska River is the right tributary of the river. Lena. It originates on the Verkhoyansk Ridge, it crosses a number of smaller ridges. The origins of Ljapiska lie at an altitude of about 1700 m above sea level. In the basin of this river there are more than 40 ice sheets.

The river Dyanyshka is the right tributary of the river. Lena. The river flows within the largest mountain system of Eastern Siberia. During the summer, snow may fall in the mountains. Above – a zone of cold arctic deserts. Below – on the gravelly slopes, there appears a miserable tundra vegetation, which is replaced even further by thickets of cedar elfin, creeping birch, shrub alder and polar willow. In the river valleys, among the prevailing larch, spruce and poplar grow. In the rivers live whitefish, flax, taimen, pike. A noteworthy feature of the park is the presence of a multitude of enclosed reservoirs, rivers, ducts, islands, islands. Here, in the widening of the valley of the Lena River and the surrounding areas, there is a fairly diverse vegetation cover, which is indicative of favorable growth conditions.

According to geobotanical zoning the territory of the park is located at the junction of two districts: Vilyuisky and Verkhoyansk. Vilyuisky district is part of the Central Yakut subprovince of the middle taiga subzone, and Verkhoyansk is in the North-Eastern subprovince of the north taiga subzone. Flora of vascular plants of the park is represented by 492 species. On its territory grow more than 20 rare plants listed in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): the Radde cryptogram, alpine puhonos, the lily of Pennsylvania, the smooth one, the water lily, the water lily tetrahedral, etc.

The park’s territory is of particular value as a wetland, as a place of concentration of waterfowl boreal complex on the nesting place and waterfowl tundra complex during migrations. The fauna of birds is represented by 164 species. Among the birds of the wetland complex on the spring migration are the tundra bean goose, white-fronted goose, pintail, Teal-whistle, wigeon, shoveler, tufted duck, horn-nosed scoter, ruff, silver, gray and black-headed gull, lake tern. Nests up to 39 species of birds.

Mammals: elk, wild reindeer, musk deer, brown bear, lynx, wolf, fox, ermine, weasel, columns, sable, wolverine, flying squirrel, squirrel, chipmunk, hare, pika, muskrat.

Goals and objectives: Conservation of wetlands as places of concentration of waterfowl boreal complex on nesting grounds and waterfowl tundra complex during migrations. Protection of birds of the wetland complex on the spring migration. Creation of conditions for regulated tourism and organized recreation in natural conditions.

The unique lake Ulahan-Kuel is one of the most protected natural areas of Yakutia, it has the status of republican significance. It is located in the northeastern part of the Žigansky ulus. The total area is 11046 ha.

It is unique in its origin water body, which has a special nature protection, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which is of special economic, social and historical value for present and future generations.

A special regime for the use and protection of a unique lake is established with the aim:

• – conservation of Lake Ulahan-Kuel in the natural state;
• – reproduction and restoration, as well as rational and regulated use of aquatic biological resources;
• – Conducting ecological monitoring and propaganda of nature protection.

Calm water surface and towering on its backdrop are extremely clear silhouettes of mountains with white veins of snow … Ice at the water edge and untouched virgin forests – all this can be seen in a unique place in Yakutia, on a lake, whose name is pronounced correctly the first time, not so it’s easy – Ulahan-Ary-Kuele. There are a lot of beautiful places in Yakutia, but even against their background this amazing lake, considered a special nature protection zone, stands out from the general number.

The beautiful, mysterious, somewhere even mystical Lake Ulahan-Ary-Kuele is located on the island, which in itself is already quite unusual. This island is called as difficult to pronounce, how beautiful is its nature – Ulahan-Ary. In addition, the island is uninhabited, and, hence, problems with crowds of tourists here will not be exact.

Ulahan-Ary is characterized by the fact that there are quite a lot of water reservoirs on its territory and the largest of them is just Ulahan-Ary-Kuele. But his main advantage is not in impressive proportions, but in stunning beauty. The lake was not accidentally included in the list of specially protected natural sites. The flora and fauna of the island and the lake itself are rich. Deer, moose, bears, sables, who just do not live on a densely forested island. The underwater lake world is also rich, and by the way, it allows fishing, that is, it is quite possible to taste the local rare varieties of fish. The water in the lake has an unusual color, especially in combination with local vegetation. And its depths are not great: a maximum of 4 m. But you should not swim here, no matter what.

Address: Anabar National District, Republic of Sakha. To get there by public transport is impossible, it is necessary to negotiate with the driver of the all-wheel drive jeep, which will deliver for 4 hours from Taimylyr. The nearest village is Ust-Olenek, about 50 km from the lake.

Who decides to recover in Yakutia, must certainly visit the state Olekminsky reserve, founded in 1984. It is located in the foothills of the Stanovoi Range at the junction of the Aldan Plateau, which passes into the Prilenskoe Plateau. The area of the reserve is 847108 hectares. The nearest settlement is 80 km away, so the flora and fauna of the reserve were practically not affected by direct human exposure.

The name of the reserve comes from the name of the Olekma River, which flows through the ancient and severe northern landscapes. Olekminsky Reserve (Yakutia, Republic of Sakha) is included in the list of protected natural sites. In this locality lives a huge number of moose, deer and other fauna. In the reserve there are 654 plant species. And the landscapes fascinate even the most sophisticated travelers.

Landscape and minerals

The relief of the reserve is formed from the mountains, hills and tundra-goltsovyh peaks, which can reach a height of 1 thousand meters. Currently, the processes of transformation of the relief are taking place, first of all, this is the deepening of river beds. The reserve has a long snowy winter and a hot summer. Olekminsky reserve is located in the territory of permafrost, the thickness of the layer reaches 100-200 cm, at a temperature of 4 ° С. In summer the temperature ranges from +37 ° C to + 40 ° C.

On the territory of Olekminsky reserve there are 85 rivers. Olekma is one of the main rivers of the state reserve, a large tributary of the Lena. It is full of unique croquant and nelma, moose graze on the shore, and brown bears come to quench their thirst. Rock paintings, which were found near the Olekma River, are considered natural monuments. Scientists and travelers who visited the Olekma River noted that the water is transparent, but very dark. The Amga River originates in the spaces of the Aldan plateau and flows 150 km along the Olekminsky Nature Reserve to the north. The upper part of the Amgi is a hard-to-reach and untouched natural reserve site. Toolba is a leisurely river, in which the remains of prehistoric animals were discovered. There are not many lakes in the nature reserve. The largest of them are in the vicinity of the Jikimda meteorological station. In some, there is a fish. Olekminsky Reserve has two deposits of iron ore. And also found gold deposits, deposits of rock crystal, quartz and polychrome tourmaline.

Vegetation

Olekminsky reserve The most part of the nature reserve is forest massifs. Forest breeds occupy about 88% of the territory. Olekminsky reserve is considered the benchmark of the boreal forests of Southern Yakutia. In addition, the main representative of the flora is the Sardana flower and the Golden Rhododendron. On the territory of the reserve, 34 species of rare plants (Venus shoe, calypso onion, etc.), which are listed in the Red Book, are growing. And 65 species from the Yakut Red Book, for example, the bell of Addan.

Mires occupy a little more than one percent of the area of the state nature reserve. Marsh vegetation: cedar-stlanic peat bogs, sphagnous, hypnotic mosses, cassandra calyx, blueberry, cranberry.

Olekminsky reserve (animals)

The animal world is very typical for North Asia and is represented by more than 40 species of mammals, for example, brown bear, chipmunk, and 180 species of birds.

In the reserve, taiga species of birds are common, for example, black woodpecker, hazel grouse, East Siberian species, for example, flytrap, nightingale, southern species (finch, black swift, quail). The water world has 18 species of fish (grayling, lenok, etc.). And also there live frogs, ordinary vipers and viviparous lizards.

Los in the nature reserve is found everywhere, except for treeless highlands. The upper reaches of Tuolba and the areas of old burns are most attractive for elk. There are about 500 individuals. The largest population of musk deer is recorded in the southwestern part of the state reserve, in rocky outcrops, bushes and lichens. Raisins are extremely uneven. In summer these animals prefer floodplains of rivers. In the period of the rut are found on the terraces above the floodplain. Animals that do not participate in the race, floodplains do not leave. The number of wapiti is 200 individuals. Since March, mink activates, it is connected with the search for food and with the rut. When hunting small rodents, these animals move away from the river bank a long distance, where they are already waiting for sables. Sobol almost always wins in battles.

Scientific and tourist activities

In Olekminsky Reserve scientific and experimental activities have been formed. It is carried out by employees of the scientific department of the reserve. In addition, employees are also recruited from other research institutions. The tourist activity is formed, several tourist routes are created.

How to get to the reserve

The state nature reserve Olekminsky can be reached from the village of Kudu-Kel, which is located 80 km from its border. And in the village there is a train from Neryungri. The best way to visit these beautiful places is as part of a tourist group on specially designed routes. Incredibly magical and a bit mystical look formed stone boulders. They crawl from the river to the high forest shores, most of which reach tens of meters in length and width. Anyone who decides to visit Olekminsky Reserve (photo is available in the article) will be able to see landscapes of prehistoric times.

Lensky Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve “Friendship” was founded in 1987. The purpose of its creation was to tell about the history of the formation of Yakutia as part of the Russian Empire and the Russian influence on the Yakut way of life and culture. For this purpose, monuments of ancient times and wooden architectural structures were reconstructed on the territory of the museum-reserve, the oldest of which date back to the 17th century.

The museum was created on the site of the first Yakut settlement in 1632, from which the history of the city of Yakutsk began. The main object of the museum is the Church of the Savior, built in the Zaszyverskaya Fortress (the present construction is a copy). Around it is formed something like a posad with ancient architectural buildings. They can be viewed not only from the outside, but also from the inside, where museum exhibits are placed. In the museum’s collections to date, not counting the actual buildings, collected more than 800 items. In 1992 the museum “Friendship” was officially recognized as a particularly valuable object of the republic’s heritage.

On the territory of the museum-reserve, monuments of ancient times and wooden architectural structures were reconstructed, the oldest of which date back to the 17th century.

Museum expositions tell about the way of life of the indigenous peoples of the Far North – not only Yakuts, but Evenks, Chukchi, Yukagirs. Here you can find household items, household utensils, clothes, fragments of horse harness. Very interesting wooden vessels for koumiss, elegant jewelry and costumes of the 18th century.

One of the most specific objects of the museum is the restored national cemetery. It is unique in that here you can see original tombstones, sorted in chronological order. Their appearance, as is easy to see, changed significantly over time under the influence of Christianity.

One of the most interesting buildings on the territory of the museum-reserve is the traditional chora (summer yurt) of the Evenks. Another interesting exhibit is a copy of the vessel of Peter Beketov, a pioneer and builder of the Yakut settlement.

The historical exposition is opened in the refectory of the temple, as well as in the rooms of the merchant’s house. It is divided into thematic sections dedicated to Siberian pioneers, Christian missionaries, social and cultural figures.

Very similar in meaning the museum is much closer to Yakutsk, about 7 km. This is the memorial museum “Yakutsk political exile”. There are also wooden buildings and churches, inside of which there are expositions. The emphasis is on exiles, from the Decembrists to the Bolsheviks, but much of the exhibitions are devoted to traditional Yakut culture.

From the museum you can climb the hill (not far), where there is an observation tower. It looks not very reliable, but the view from above is amazing. Also at the museum complex you can shoot in the dash, go horseback riding (or from the slides), play paintball and try traditional cuisine in the restaurant.

Practical information

Address: Ust-Aldansky ulus, with. Sottintsy. Paid entrance.

The museum is located about 70 km from Yakutsk (it will be necessary to get on a ferry to the right bank of the Lena).

In 1982, 140 kilometers up from Yakutsk on the right bank of the Lena, geologists prepared for the arrival of guests of the next International Congress of INQUA, a demonstration of the deposits of the most ancient Lena terrace, Tabaginsk, in one of the pits, a human skull was discovered.

Arrived at the site of the find archaeologists waiting for a new success. They also found the burial of the child in a stone box. There was nothing like this in Yakutia before. And after the burial of the child scientists-archeologists waited another surprise: they stumbled upon the limestone slabs of the next burial. This time there were five men from 30 to 55 years old. And, two of them, apparently, were killed at the ritual burial of the leader. And next to them lay stone and bone arrowheads, scrapers, knives, ornaments …

The age of the finds was determined at 3.5 thousand years.

Excavations of another grave led archaeologists to the ancient site of the Duktai culture. Duktais lived in Yakutia 35-10 thousand years ago, about 12 thousand years ago they settled the American continent, passing through the current Bering Strait.

However, the main secret of Deering Yuryakh was in front: tools were found from quartzite boulders and pebbles – choppers, scrapers, anvils, bumpers. Here it is, the main sensation of Deering-Yuryakh – the finds were like two drops of water similar to the most ancient ones found in East Africa: in Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia. There they were 2.5-1.7 million years old.

Complex archaeological and geological studies have shown that the tools of Dilling culture of the ancient Paleolithic are, in fact, not inferior in age to those found in the tropical zone. But if there our ancestors lived in a hot climate, then on Diring, as it turned out, already there was permafrost, and the average annual temperature did not exceed minus 12-14 degrees Celsius, in a word, it was cold.

The findings on Diiring Yuryakh made us return to the already forgotten concepts not of the southern, tropical, but of the northern extratropical ancestral home of mankind. And about the impact of extreme, cold environmental conditions on the emergence of man and his culture.

Some scientists suggest that about 1.6 million years ago in East Africa a new kind of stone tools appeared. The so-called manual chopper consisted of a piece of stone the size of a fist, which was shaped like a palm or an oblate pear; sharp edges of the stone were formed by chipping flakes from both sides. Experiments show that this tool was used mainly when cutting carcasses, which were previously freshened with sharp stone flakes, which had the form of axes-shaped blades (cleavers).

The very first hand-cutters appeared around the same time as Homo Erectus. Since a lot of ingenuity was required to make similar tools of the same type, we can conclude that their probable inventor was precisely this highly developed hominid.

Among the tools of the ancient Stone Age are the chisel, ax-shaped jibs, scrapers and flakes; they are called Acheulian for the finds in Saint-Ashele in the north of France;

The Acheulean tool making technology spread in India and Europe, where it continued to exist about 100,000 years ago.

Meanwhile, the culture of making coarser chopping tools (choppers) belonging to that type called Oldowan, spread in Europe and Asia from the Middle East to Java.

The most famous ancient instruments are the typical instruments of the “Olduvan culture from the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania” – choppers and choppers. Here 1.9 million years ago Homo Habilis (or any of the modern Australopithecines) split basalt and quartz pebbles, gave them a shape that is now called coarse choppers (choppers), scrapers, incisors, axes, and, according to their outlines, are divided on discoids, polyhedra (polyhedra) or subspheroids.

 Some scientists believe that in fact the true tools were not listed forms, and the so-called “junk” fragments, split off from these nuclei. No doubt, 1.5 million years ago, near the Turkana lake in Kenya, hominins used small stone flakes in order to carve the antelope carcasses. Scratches from the teeth, located on the bones of animals under scratches from cutting tools, suggest that the early hominins usually scraped the meat from the carcasses of animals killed by predators. But it is likely that the earliest people also made tools for hunting. The stone balls from Olduvaya, connected by straps, turned into a hunting projectile, which, when thrown, could be knocked down by the antelope, just as cowboys today catch cattle with the help of throwing ball balls.

The Aldovan industry (also called chopper-fragmentation or pebble) and its later versions spread widely across a large part of Africa and Eurasia of the early Stone Age. In some places, this culture flourished 200,000 years ago – many years after the invention of more sophisticated techniques.

Heaps of rocks and bones found in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania say that about 2 million years ago, early people were already gathering in groups, where they were killing game, making guns, eating food and building, perhaps, the very first shelters in the world.

Pointed stones, chopped and fragmented bones of large herbivorous mammals show that we are not dealing with random gatherings on the river bank, but with workers and even with residential camps, where members of the family of a man skillfully shared food among themselves. They brought here the bones of animals killed by predators, and pieces of lava from nearby mountains to process them in place.

Careful research indicates that most of the approximately 20 very early sites in Olduvai were carefully selected where fresh drinking water flows flowed into the game’s salty brackish lake. Perhaps the most remarkable discovery was that these ancient people began to build dwellings. In one parking lot, the location of bones and stones indicates that on the windward side people were protected from the wind by a hedge or a shield from a bush. In another parking lot there is a circle of stones about 4 meters in diameter, supporting the branches that have long since disappeared, from which a hut was built, similar to those that are still being built here and there in Africa. This shelter, which is approximately 1.8 million years old, is the first human construction known to us in the world.

The report that in Yakutia in the valley of the Lena River a site of the most ancient man, whose age is determined within the limits of 2.5-1.8 million years, has caused great interest among scientists in the world. Honor of the discovery and research of the parking Deering Yuryakh belongs to the spouses, known Yakut archaeologists, academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Yu.A.Mochanov and the doctor of historical sciences S.A. Fedoseeva, the authors of many solid monographs and discoveries of the Stone Age.

Geological and geomorphological study of the area of ​​the Paleolithic site was carried out in a complex manner and it was established that the Deering camp lies in the river sediments of the most ancient terrace of Lena, which is more than 2.5 million years old. The coincidence of the datings of the ancient Diling Paleolithic, obtained by different methods (archaeological, geological-geomorphological, paleomagnetic, etc.) can not be accidental. If this age is correct, then Deering is by far the oldest Paleolithic monument in Eurasia and one of the oldest in the world. Judging by the permafrost manifestations, the ancient inhabitants of Deering, unlike their African contemporaries living in the fertile tropics, had to live in extreme conditions of permafrost at mid-annual temperatures minus 12-14 degrees Celsius. Now in Central Yakutia the average annual temperature is several degrees higher (minus 10.2 degrees).

The archaeological materials of Deering, represented by the archaic pebble culture, show the simplest form of the technique of converting stone into tools. On Diring, in the cultural layer, the areas where the boulders were crushed (this technique is the most original stone treatment) are opened and their subsequent piling to obtain tools.

The peeling culture of Deering has no signs of better stone processing. All this allows us to reconstruct the first stage of labor processes for the transformation of various natural materials into products. In general, this material testifies to Diring as an archaeological monument of one of the most ancient phases of the instrumental activity of primitive man.

If we compare these findings with excavations in East Africa, we can assume that the appearance of a reasonable person almost simultaneously occurred in several independent regions of the Earth, and the appearance phenomenon itself should be considered a special cosmoplanetary process that was not at all conditioned by the natural selection processes known in the biological world , micro and macro mutations, and their inheritance. The phenomenon of Deering is obvious: he forces to change the current scientific vision of the problem of the origin of man.

Excavations of the ancient Dealing Paleolithic, which have no analogues in the world (over 17,000 years have been opened over 40 thousand square meters of cultured layer), its numerous cultural remains (more than 5,0 thousand items) are a significant contribution to the world culture.

In 1988, the representative All-Union scientific conference “Problem of the ancestral homeland of mankind in the light of new archeological and anthropological discoveries” was held at Diring. In her documents, it was noted that “… the monuments of the Dilling culture of the ancient Paleolithic, investigated by the Prilenskaya archaeological expedition, are not only national but also universal, planetary property. Their comprehensive study can have an important prospective significance in the world science about the origin of mankind, ideas about the general laws of the evolution of the entire organic world. ”

For the sake of fairness, we note that not all anthropologists of Russia and other states support the hypothesis of Academician Yu.A.Mochanov about the “extratropical forefather of humanity.” The age of the site is defined by others as 200-300 thousand years ago. SM Tseitlin write: “You can not build a scheme for the evolution of hominids and their transformation into humans, bypassing the stage of australopithecines. This is well known, and all proponents of the Asian human hypothesis are forced to resort to the search for australopithecines, which have not yet been found even in many more southern parts of Asia. Consequently, there are no biological prerequisites, except for very vague and general ideas about the significance of the “complex problem of anthropogenesis as a cosmoplanetary phenomenon” among supporters of the extratropical ancestral home of mankind.

The following circumstance is also alarming. Mochanov show that the climate of Central Yakutia was 3.2-1.8 million years ago the same as today. The probability of life of the most ancient people on Earth in conditions of severe winters and permafrost is very doubtful – it was necessary to build warmed dwellings, have a sufficiently developed organization of life and ways of hunting, etc. Adoption of such a judgment contradicts everything that is known about the earliest Paleolithic sites of the primitive man, his possibilities, the structure of the associations of habilis, and determines this form that stood between the animal world and the world of man as having advanced too far in its development.

A man came here from the south, moving along the warmest and most favorable for life, in any case, in the summer, the valley of the Lena River. But when did he come? … “.

Disputes between archaeologists continue. They can be resolved by further excavations and archaeological finds confirming the version of Academician Yu.A.Mochanov and Doctor of Historical Sciences S.A. Fedoseyeva.

In favor of the hypothesis of an extratropical ancestral home of mankind, the archaeological expeditions discovered by Prilenskaya in 1995 show evidence. in the valley of the middle Lena, the first Acheulian, ages 1,8-0,2 million years and Mousterian ages 200-40 thousand years, monuments known in Africa, Europe, East Asia and the Middle East. New findings inspire hope that the chronological gap of almost 2 million years of the ancient history of Yakutia in the coming years will be eliminated. They also convincingly show that the historical process of the development of human society in the extremely cold conditions of Yakutia was carried out at approximately the same pace and in one direction of evolutionary development, like Europe, Africa, East Asia and the Middle East.

Academician Yu.A. Mochanov in 1992. The monograph “Ancient Paleolithic Deering and the problem of the extratropical ancestral homeland of mankind” was published.

Yakut archaeologists have found 13 sites of the ancient Paleolithic, the development of which is waiting for its researchers.

Further development of archeology, application of the most advanced technologies and methods of excavations will confirm or refute the hypothesis “about the northern homeland of mankind”.

Fidelity to the scientific worldview and heroic death for the idea at the stake of Giordano Bruno in 1600 and the forced “repentance” of Galileo Galilei in 1633, claiming that all the stars are other worlds that the Universe is eternal and infinite, that the Earth revolves around the Sun, prove how difficult it is to break the established dogmas …

The Lena Pillars are a forty-kilometer-long series of sheer cliffs that stretch along the right bank of the Lena River. Two hundred kilometers downstream is the city of Yakutsk, about a hundred kilometers – the city of Pokrovsk. The length of the rocks is more than forty kilometers. Today it is a natural reserve of Yakutia – cliffs in height from 40 to 100 meters each year become more beautiful and mysterious due to local climatic conditions.

Particularly beautiful is the view of the pillars at sunrise: from afar the mountain range looks like an ancient castle or a magical palace with its outlines, and the river at the foot serves as a mirror making the pillars twice as large and majestic.

How to get there

The road to the Lena Pillars is tiring, but fascinating. From Moscow to Yakutsk you can fly by plane, the price of the question is from 10 100 to 17 000 RUB (depends on the season), the journey time is about 6.5 hours. Boats run from Yakutsk to the Lena Pillars. This part of the route is most often remembered for tourists, as the beauty of these edges fascinates. You can do this on a small boat or boat, or you can hire a private vessel. More details on the official website of the national park “Lena Pillars”. Prices on this page are for November 2017.

Climate

The climate in the area of rocks is sharply continental, that is, contrast. If the temperature of the thermometer can fall below -35 ° C in winter, then in the summer it is quite possible to expect not only +20 ° C, but +40 ° C. Because of the river, the air is wet, so in winter there is a strong frost, and in the summer it is stifling.

Reserve “Lena Pillars”

The National Nature Reserve “Lena Pillars” was established in 1995 and has since attracted the attention not only of tourists, many of whom are foreigners, but also scientists. The fact is that the reserve, in addition to the picturesque rocks, is famous for its flora and fauna. Here lives a lot of animals and birds, including rare: bears, lynxes, wolverines, wolves, squirrels, elk, elk, hares, squirrels, muskrats, golden eagles, eagles, falcons, white herons. There are many fish in the river, including valuable sturgeon, nelma and grayling. Many representatives of local flora and fauna are listed in the Red Book. It is not the first year that the Lena Pillars claim to include the reserve in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The total area of ​​the reserve is almost 500 thousand hectares. It is not only rocks, but also picturesque forests, and according to this feature two parts are singled out in the park: the Stolby itself and the Tukulan site (in translation from the Evenki “sand”). Here you can walk not one day on a variety of routes, visit the picturesque observation platforms, rafting along the river.

Types of tourist routes:

• Visit the Lena Pillars, sometimes including climbing ascents to the tops of some of them,
• sightseeing tours around Tukulan, including acquaintance with the flora and fauna of this amazing corner of our planet.

Archaeological value of the reserve

The ridge of the Lena Pillars began to form about 400 thousand years ago. In fact, these are precipitous cliffs, the base of which is the Cambrian limestone.

Cambria is the ancient name of the county of Wales. The fact is that limestones forming the rocks of the Lena Pillars were first discovered in England, on the territory of Wales.

On the territory of the Tukulan site, scientists discovered the remains of a mammoth, an ancient bison and an ancient rhino. And still these places keep a memory of the parking of ancient people. The Lena Pillars themselves testify to this: using natural yellow paint, people drew various scenes from their lives on the rocks. These drawings, discovered not so long ago, seriously interested archaeologists and anthropologists.

According to a number of Yakut scientists, these places can be the “cradle of human civilization”. The results of archaeological research suggest that the first man appeared in the area stretching along the Lena River. This hypothesis is confirmed by the fact that the most ancient tools of labor were found here.

Natural objects of the reserve “Lena Pillars”

The first columns appearing in the field of view make you forget about the difficulties of the path and attract attention to yourself. Rocks of red sandstone, sometimes overgrown with wood, are reflected in the smooth surface of the great river, cliffs of light gray limestone hang over the water, layers of quartzite gleaming in the sun. The rays of the setting sun change the picture, turning it from majestic to almost ominous. Not on any of these rocks you can climb, but in the reserve there are several survey sites at an altitude of about 100 meters, from here you can admire the surroundings and the great Siberian river.

The reserve offers its guests one- and two-day excursions, during which you can see the unique relief and local vegetation, listen to the story of animals that have long been inhabited in these places.

Natural State Olekminsk Reserve located in the south of the middle reaches of the Lena River on the right bank tributary Olekma at the interface Prilenskoye plateau and the Aldan plateau in Yakutia.
The location of the reserve that is not actually affected by human activities. In this area there was no pastures and hayfields.
Thanks to this “pristine” nature was made to organize here in 1984, a protected reserve. The purpose of the Natural Reserve “Olekminsk” ─ preservation of mountain taiga forests in southern Yakutia and Siberian cedar in the northeast. Area protected area of 78600 hectares.

The climate at the site of environmental object is sharply continental. Stable snow layer is formed around October 18 and lasts an average of two hundred days. The height of the snow cover may be between 30 centimeters and is closer to the south of 70 – 80 cm. The summer here is hot. In the north, max air temperature close to 40 ° C, and in the south of 35 ° C. The territory of the reserve is located in a place of constant continuous permafrost. The thickness of the frozen cover up to 200 cm, and its temperature is -3 ° -4 ° C. Melting insubstantial: from 0.4 m to the north and 1.5-2.0 m in the south.

Area Reserve “Olekminsk” ─ a standard plot mountain taiga forests, where you can meet all of the major tree species that are characteristic of the southern forests of Siberia. Number of vascular plants that are found in the reserve exceeds 650 species. Here grow Siberian fir, cedar pine, daurian larch, Blue spruce, Siberian spruce, Scots pine.
Besides forest plants in the river valleys are dwarf birch, formed during the smaller valleys overgrown meadows.

Fauna environmental object vulgaris for North Asia. Reserve Olekminsky inhabit about 40 species of mammals, 180 species of birds, 18 species of fish, 3 species of amphibians, and 2 species of reptiles. There are wolverine, deer, sable, wood lemming, bear, chipmunk, elk, Manchurian deer, musk deer. Among the birds there taiga species (hawk owl, fritillary) and East Siberian species (nightingale, the stint, Siberian Thrush, capercaillie, Siberian Flycatcher).

Of particular value are the archaeological sites, namely rock painting. Figures made ​​of red and yellow ocher and illustrate people and animals.

Contact information:
Location: Russia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Olekminsky District, 678100, Olekminsk, st. Logovaya, 31.

The River Kolyma.
Length: 2 129 km
The area of the basin: 643 000 km2

The river Kolyma river in Yakutia and the Magadan region of Russia. Evens, on the territory of the settlement which is a river called her Kulu; now the name of Kullu preserved only by the right part of the Kolyma river. Evensk. Kula (the slope of the beach of the river, facing North; North slope), which was unlikely to give the name of the great river. Perhaps borrowing the names of evens of the Koryak. -Chukot. cool (deep river), which is more convincing, the name of the river’s lower reaches Pathfinder M Stadukhin in bringing 1643 mentions as Kolyma-river, later Kolyma. Etymological connection between Kullu and Kolyma is not installed. There is also the opinion of Yukagir origin of the hydronym Kolyma, but this etymology is also not yet developed.

Geographical position.

The river is formed from the confluence of Ayan-Yuryakh and Kulu, originating in the Okhotsk-Kolyma upland. The length of 65 km from the source of the river Kisielice, the right part of the river Kullu – 2513 km), of which about 1.4 thousand km on the territory of the Magadan region, the rest – on the territory of Yakutia. The area of the basin 643 thousand km2. Flows into the Kolyma Bay of the East Siberian sea the three main canals: the Kolyma (Stone), right, shipping, and today, a few Chukochya. The length of the Delta 110 km, an area of 3000 km2.

Hydrology the river.

The river is mixed: snow (47 %), rain (42 %) and underground (11 %). Flood from mid-may to September. Amplitude of oscillations of the level up to 14 M. the Average consumption of water from Srednekolymsk (641 km from the mouth) 2250 m3/s, maximum – 25 100 m3/s (June), the lowest – 23,5 m3/s (April).
The annual discharge at the mouth 123 km (3,900 m3/s). The average annual sediment load 5.5 million tons In summer, the water level in the Kolyma river falls, and only during the rainy season, there is a rise of the water and the formation of short-term floods. The temperature of the water in the river is low – 10-15 C, and only in the quietest in late July – early August reaches 20-22. Freezes in mid-October, more rarely at the end of September. Before the ice freeze-up and shagohod duration from 2 days to months, ice dams. In winter, ice, river bed and extensive ground. Opened in the 2nd half of may-beginning of June. The ice lasts from 2 to 18 days, accompanied by congestion.

Commercial use.

Kolyma navigable from the mouth of the river Bohapcha (regular shipping is from Seimchan); navigation 4-5 months. Main ports: Seimchan (Kolyma), Zyrianka and at the mouth of Chersky (Green Cape). On the river Kolyma located hydroelectric power station, which provides electricity to a large part of the Magadan region and city Magadan, built at the Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP. In the Kolyma – gold deposits. In the lower reaches fishing (vendace, whitefish, salmon, omul).

The River Of Indigirka:
Length: 62 km
The basin area: 360 000 km²

The river of Indigirka located in Yakutia.

Geographical position.

The length of the river 1726 km, basin area of 360 km². At the beginning of Indigirka taken the place of confluence of two rivers – of Tuor-Yuryakh and Taryn-Yuryakh, which originates on the Northern slopes Balkanskog ridge; flows into the East Siberian sea. Pool Indigirka river is located in the development area of permafrost rocks, and therefore for its rivers are characterized by the formation of giant ice accumulation. In structure of the valley and river channels and water velocity Indigirka is divided into two sections: the upper mountain (640 km) and the lower plain (1086 km).

After the confluence of Tuor-Yuryakh and Taryn-Yuryakh Indigirka flows in the North-West on the lowest part Oymyakon highlands, turning to the North, cuts through a series of mountain chains of the Chersky ridge. The width of the valley here from 0.5 to 1 to 20 km, direction pebble, many shivers, the flow rate of 2-3,5 m/S. When crossing Chemelynskoye ridge Indigirka flows in a deep gorge and forms rapids; the current speed of 4 m/S. This site is unsuitable even for rafting. Above the mouth of the river Moms, where Indigirka out in Momo-Selennyakh depression, begins the lower portion. Valley of Indigirka expands riverbed abounds banks and braids, sometimes broken into the branches. Rounding Momsky ridge, Indigirka flows into the lowland plain. On Abysmi lowland very winding, Yano-Indigirka for Indigirka characteristic direct long reaches a width of 350-500 meters In 130 km from the mouth of the Indigirka broken into the branches (major: Russian Ustie, Medium – largest, Kolyma), forming the Delta (with the area of 5 500 km²). From the sea mouth of the Indigirka separated shallow bar.

Hydrology the river.

In the power of Indigirka participate rain and melted snow (snow, ice and ice) water. The flood in the warmer part of the year, and runoff in the spring of 32 %, the summer 52 %fall around 16 %of winter, less than 1 % and the river in places peremarket (Cross-Mayor, chokurdah). Average consumption in Ust-Nera 428 m³/s, maximum 10 to 600 m³/s, at the Vorontsov respectively 1 570 m³/s and 11 500 m³/S. the fluctuations in the level of 7.5 and 11.2 m, the highest levels in June – early July. The annual discharge at the mouth 58.3 km³; runoff 13.7 million T. Freeze in October, opened in late may – early June.

Commercial use.

Shipping from the mouth of the river Moma (1.1 km). Main pier: Honow, Army, chokurdah, Tabor. In the pool of Indigirka – gold mining. Indigirka rich in fish, in the mouth – fishing of whitefish, muksun, nelma, omul, whitefish.